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Early embrayonic Development


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[Front]


How and what is the puprose of modifiying the glycoprotein coat of sperm cells
[Back]


It is modified by factors released by the epithelium of the uterine tube Function is to allow the sperm to penetrate the oocyte

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How and what is the puprose of modifiying the glycoprotein coat of sperm cells
It is modified by factors released by the epithelium of the uterine tube Function is to allow the sperm to penetrate the oocyte
How long is the pre-embryonic period and embraynoic period
Pre --> 1-2 weeks after fertilisation Embryanic period --> 3-9 weeks after fertilisation
What are the hormones used in contraception
Oestrogen and Progresterone inhibit ovulation and change the uterine lining which inhibits the passage of the sperm and makes implantation unlikely
When does cleavage begin
Begins 30 hours after fertilisation and produces two blastomeres of equal size
What happens at the 16 cell stage - Morula
The initial loose grouping becomes more compact by the process of compaction Cells are held together via tight junctions and communicate via gap junctions
What is the outer cell mass called?
Trophoblast However, this remains enveloped by the zona pellucida
Inner cell mass name and what does it do
Embrayoblast and forms all tissues of the embrayo
When and Why is hatching needed
Around day 4 and is due to the building pressure of increasing number of cells This hatching from the zona pellucida allows the blastocyst to enlarge and implant
By the end of Week 1 what do you have?
Blastocyst contains around 100 cells Trophoblasts begins to interact with the uterine epithelium Embrayoblasts are going to start giving rise to the embrayo Remaining cells will form the fetal membranes
Week 2 , what does the trophoblast differentiate into?
2 cell layers - Cytotrophoblast --> contains trophoblast stem cells - Synchcytiotrophoblast --> Invasive layer of cells originating from the cytotrophoblast
In Week 2 , what does the inner cell mass differentiate into
Epiblast --> forms all embrayonic tissues Hypoblast These structures forms the bilaminar disc
When can chorionic villus sampling be taken?
Early as 8th week but more commonly taken at the 11th and 24th weeks
Where is the human choronic gonadotrophin secreted from and function
HCG is secreted from the syncytiotrophoblast cells and is important in stimulating the uterus to support the developing conceptus
Overview of gastrulation
Takes place in the third week The bilaminar disc is converted to trilaminar consisting of the three germ layers ( ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm ) The notochord forms along the longitudinal axis
In the Week of 3, what is formed
3 cavities --> Amniotic cavity, Definitive yolk sac and Chorionic cavity 3 germ layers --> Endoderm, Ectoderm and Mesoderm
How are the 3 germ layers formed?
Hypoblast is displaced by endoderm by migrating epiblast cells
What is the role of the notochord
Notochord defines the midline and the axial skeleton forms around it e.g. rib cage and skull It induces the ectoderm to thicken forming a neural plate from which the neural tube forms
Fates of the three germ layers ?
Ectoderm : Forms organs and structures that maintain contact with the outside world such as the nervous system and epidermis Mesoderm forms supporting tissues such as muscle and cartilage Endoderm forms internal structures such as epithelial linings of tracts
What is teratogenesis
Process of which normal embryonic development is disrupted since Week 3-8 is most sensitive E.g. thalidomide and other infectious agents
How is the notochord formed
A subset of the epiblast cells migrating through the primitive pit towards the cranial pole form a notochondral plate continuous with the endoderm THese cells proliferate and detach from the endoderm to form a solid rod of cells running in the midline