| Many biomedical instruments and pieces of equipment | are developing at lightning speed as a result of digital technologies, which enable new medical concepts, strategies, and visions to be implemented faster than ever before. |
| First-class health care would be | inconceivable without progress and innovation in the field of medical technology |
| 3 important things in medical market | research
approval
commercialisation |
| research | regulatory strategy and classification
preparation of eu design dossiers technical files or sted
risk management
preparation of class 1 technical files
clinical evaluation reports
clinical investigation application |
| approval | class 2a, 2b and 3 submission for product assessment
class 1 registration
pre-post inspection audit |
| commercialisation | input into strategy for product design changes or extensions
technical file or design dossier lifecycle maintenance
significant design change applications
post market surveillance strategy
product renewal applications |
| medicine | from the Latin ars medicina, the art of healing |
| technology | from the Greek, meaning skill, craft |
| Technical instruments and devices | have always had their place in medicine |
| Acupuncture needles | known to have been used in Far Eastern medicine since approximately 2500 BC |
| Hippocrates | the founder of scientific medicine in the Western world and a prominent doctor of his
time, was already using a proctoscope to inspect his patients' intestines.
He also gave descriptions of a variety of instruments and apparatures for the treatment of wounds. |
| As striking evidence from archeological digs in the buried town of Pompeii has shown | sophisticated instruments and devices for surgical interventions were already being used in the Roman Empire (from 63 BC onwards). |
| The vision aids known | glasses are not an achievement of the 20th century but had already been invented by a craftsman at the end of the 13th century. |
| W.C. Roentgen on 8 November 1895 | The most significant for clinical medicine was the development of X-Rays |
| X-ray | (electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Roentgen rays) |
| Willem Einthoven 1903 | devised the first electrocardiograph |
| electrocardiograph | measured the electrical changes that occurred during the beating of the heart |
| Riva-Rocci 1896 | introduces the method of noninvasive palpatory measurement for determining blood pressure |
| 1924. Berger | made 73 EEG recordings from his 15y son, Klaus |
| how much was first frequency | First frequency encountered was in 10 Hz range (8 – 12 Hz),
which he named alpha |
| In 1929 what did he report | how brain waves changed dramatically if subject simply shifts from eyes closed to eyes open state.
Brain waves also changed when the subject sat quietly with eyes closed „focusing“ on solving a math problem. |
| In 1937. John Heysham Gibbon | invented Heart Lung Machine |
| Atanasoff – Berry Computer | Electronic Digital Computer (1942). |
| what was EDC's purpose and established what | It‘s purpose was to solve systems of linear equations, it could solve up to 29 equations at a time.
It established many important elements of modern technology including binary, arithmetic and electronic switching method. |
| what was invented 1972. the first Computer by Allan M Cormack and Godfrey N. Hounsfield s | assisted Tomography (CT) was invented |
| 1977 Mansfield | found success with a breakthrough for medical applications of magnetic resonance tomography using the magnetic resonance method, and the human thorax was imaged for the first time without the use of x-rays |
| The significance of medical technology in terms of health policy is therefore essentially based on the following points: | The quality and security of medical care
Shortening the duration of illness or the length of hospital stay
Relieving staff from time-consuming routine jobs
Meeting the expectations and demand level |
| telematic | telecommunications, a branch of technology including phone lines and cables, and informatics such as computer systems. |
| measurand | signal factors, environmental factors, medical factors, economic factors |
| signal factors | sensitivity
range
differential or single ended
input impedance
transient and frequency response
accuracy
linearity
reliability |
| environmental factors | specificity
signal to noise ratio stability
temperature
humidity
pressure
shock
vibration
radiation |
| medical factors | Invasive or non invasive
tissue sensor
material toxicity
radiation
patient discomfort |
| economic factors | cost
availability
warranty
consumable requirements |
