| functions of urinary system | excretion; kidney filter blood. filtrate is modified in kidney tubules (reabsorption and secretion).urine is excreted
regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
regulation of blood solutes
regulation of extracellular fluid pH
regulation of blood pressure:renin
regulation of RBC synthesis; erythroprotien
activation of vitamin D |
| location of kidneys in abdominal cavity | retoperitoneal is in the superior lumbar region
right kidney is lower than the left |
| renal ptosis | an abnormal condition in which the kidney drops down into the pelvis when the patient stands up, common in woman |
| ureter | transport urine from kidney to bladder |
| urethra | transport urine out thr body |
| kidney | major excretory organ |
| urinary bladder | temporary storage reservoir for urine |
| renal hilum | leads to the renal sinus. area of kidney from where all tubular structures(blood vessels and ureters) enter and exit the kidneys |
| Describe the layer of supportive tissue around renal fascia | the anchoring layer of dense fibrous connective tissue |
| Describe the layer of supportive tissue around perirenal fat capsule | fatty cushion |
| Describe the layer of supportive tissue around fibrous capsule | prevents spread of infection to kidney |
| hydronephrosis | swelling of kidney due to a build up of urine |
| glomerulus | found in renal corpuscle, a network of capillaries twisted around each other. |
| filtrate | fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries |
| pyelitis | inflammation of the renal pelvis |
| pyelonephritis | is the inflammation of a kidney due to a bacterial infection |
| root work for pyel/o | renal pelvis |
| root work for ren/a | kidney |
| root word for nephr/o | combining form mening kidney |
| The histological and functional unit of the kidneys is the | nephron |
| components of renal corpuscle | renal capsule, glomerrulus |
| which type of nephron is most abundant | cortical nephrons(85%) |
| which type of nephron is responsible for producing concentrated urine | juxtamedullary nephrons (15%) |
| tissue makeup of bowmans capsule | parietal layer(simple squamous) visceral layer |
| tissue makeup of glomerulus | fenestrated capillaries(simple squamous) |
| what make up filtration slits | made by the pedicles of podocyes |
| what are podocytes | are cells that surround glomerulus |
| pedicels | extensions of the podocytes |
| thin filtration membrane allow the passage of only | small molecules |
| PCT histology | simple cuboidal cells w/ abundant microvilli |
| thin segment of loop of henle | simple squamous epithelium, has microvilli |
| DCT | simple cuboidal cells w/ sparse microvilli |
| collecting ducts | simple cuboidal epithlium , some microvilli |
| principal cells | cuboidal cells w/o microvilli maintain water and salt balance also control ADH and aldosterone |
| intercalated cells | cuboidal cells w/ microvilli maintain pH |
| The kidneys control blood levels of ions | Na+,K+,Ca+, excreting excess ions or reabsorbing needed ions |
| List the structures in order of urine flow | Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption in PCT, loop of Henle, DCT Collecting Ducts renal papilla minor calices major calices renal pelvis ureters urinary bladder urethra
Tubular secretion in PCT, loop of Henle DCT Collecting Ducts |
| glomerular filtration | passive mechanical process driven by hydrostatic pressure, filtration membrane is very permeable and has large surface area |
| what type od substances can be filtered from blood | glucose, amino acids, water, salt. |
| ? What types of substances should not be found in the filtrate? | molecules bigger than 5nm(plasma proteins ) |
| tubular reabsorption | returns all glucose and amino acids.process that moves substances from renal tubules to blood capillaries |
| tubular secretion | reverse of absorption, selective addition to urine.that moves substances from blood capillaries to renal tubules |
| HP g | glomerular hydrostatic pressure, the chief force that pushes substances out the glomerulus |
| OP g | colloid osmotic pressure, is the force that keeps substances inside the glomerulus |
| HP c | capsular hydrostatic pressure, the force of the filtrate in the glomerular capsule that pushes substances back into blood |
| GFR | glomerular flitration rate, volume of filtrate formed per minute by kidneys (120-125ML/MIN) proportional to NFP |
| Why is the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus higher than in a regular capillary? | due to the added resistance of the efferent arteriole created by the difference in size between afferent and efferent arteriole |
| What would happen to GFR if blood pressure decreases by 20%? | shut down filtration and kidney function, dilation of afferent arterioles, increased blood volume in glomerulus, helps maintain normal GFR |
| What would happen if the filtration membrane becomes more permeable? | NFP would increase |
| What would happen to the volume of filtrate under such conditions? | volume of the filtrate would increase |
| What would happen if the surface area in the filtration membrane decreases? What would happen to the volume of filtrate under such conditions? | GFR & NFP decreases, volume of filtrate would decrease |
| glomerulonephritis | acute inflammation of kidney, caused by immune response |
| Explain the myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation | increase BP will cause high NFP; constriction of afferent arterioles will decrease blood volume , maintain NFP
decrease BP causes a loss of NFP which will shut down filtration and kidney function ; dilation of afferent arterioles, increase blood volume NFP normal |
| Flow-dependent mechanism directed by | macula |
| Increased pressure, increased filtration can | damage the glomerulus |
| Macula densa cells of the JGA respond to | increased flow rate by releasing a vasoconstriting chemical that acts on the afferent arteriole, GFR decreases |
| Describe the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the kidneys | Norepinephrine (NE) is released by the sympathetic nervous system.
NE and E are released by the adrenal medulla
both cause constriction of afferent arterioles |
| Under normal conditions, which regulatory mechanism prevails? Autoregulation or the sympathetic nervous system? | renal blood vessels are dilated, autoregilations |
| When is the sympathetic nervous system activated? | under extreme stress |
| What is the effect on GFR when the sympathetic nervous system is activated? | GFR decreases because blood vessels constricted, less blood, pressure decreases, less filtration |
| Which cells of the JGA secrete renin? | the granular cells of the JGA |
| Describe the responses due to activating the renin angiotensin mechanisms. | angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin 2 in ungs by ACE, angiotensin 2 causes vasoconstriction |
| Urea is secreted in the | ascending loop of henle and collecting ducts |
| Which areas are sensitive to Aldosterone and ADH? | DCT and collecting ducts |
| Which segments are involved in maintaining blood pH by secreting/reabsorbing H+ and HCO3 ions? | PCT and collecting ducts |
| Which hormone would increase K+ reabsorption? | ANH |
| diuretic | are chemicals that enhance urinary output |
| osmotic diuretic | substances not re absorbed that attract and retain water |
| renal clearance | the volume of plasma cleared of a particular substance |
| urinalysis | is the analysis of urine by physical chemical and microscopial means to test for the presence of diease drugs |
| what should not be found in urine | plasma proteins |
| micturition, controlled | urination, constriction of detrusor muscle by ANS;opening of internal urethral sphincter by ANS, opening of external urethral sphincter by somatic nervous system |
