| what is the blood vessels in circulation | arteries, veins, capillaries |
| what two circuits does the heart pump blood | pulmonary circuit(right side), systemic circuit(left side) |
| which circuit pumps blood with no oxygen | pulmonary circuit(right side) |
| what is apex of the heart | rounded point |
| what is the base of the heart mean | flat part |
| the heart wall consists of 3 layers | epicardium ,myocardium, endocardium |
| what type of tissue is endocardium | epithelial simple squamous |
| what is the wall of the heart | cardiac muscle or myocardium |
| what layer of connective tissue is surrounding the outside of the heart | epicardum(serous membrane) |
| what is pericarditis | inflammation of pericardium |
| what is cardiac taponade? | large volume of fluid or blood accumulates in pericardial cavity |
| what is auricles | anterior extensions of atria |
| coronary sulcus is | separates atria from ventricle |
| interventriculuar sulcus | is anterior and posterior and seperates right and left ventricles |
| what is the difference between a vein and arteries | veins are vessels that bring blood to the heart while arteries take blood away from the heart |
| function of atria | collect venous blood |
| structures of atria right side | openings of superior and inferior vena cava |
| structures of atria right side | opening of the coronary sinus |
| structures of atria right | fossa ovalis former foramen ovalis |
| structures of atria right | pectinated muscle |
| 2 nodes in atria | SA , AV nodes |
| structure of left atria | openings of 2 right and two left pulmonary veins |
| the openings of 2 right and two left pulmonary veins does what | brings oxygen righ blood from lungs to left atrium |
| structure of left atria | penctinated muscle |
| ventricles function | recieve blood from atria, pump blood through arteries |
| structures of ventricles ride side | opening to pulmonary trunk |
| structures of ventricles right side | trabeculae carnae |
| structures of ventricles right side | papillary muscle |
| structures of left side of ventricles | trabeculae carnae |
| structures of left side ventricles | papillary muscle |
| structures of left side ventricles | opening to aorta |
| what are two main functions of pulmonary trunk | takes oxygen depleted blood into lungs , divides into right and left pilmonary arteries |
| what are trabeculae carnae | muscle ridges of ventricle |
| what are papillary muscle | fingerlike projections of muscle that attach to the chordae tendinae of heart valves |
| functiond of opening to aorta | aorta takes oxygen rich blood from left ventricle to systemic circulation |
| right side of atrioventicular | AV valve, tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar valve |
| left side of atrioventicular | AV valve , bicuspid (mitral), aortic semilunar valve |
| what happens in route of blood flow through the heart | both atria and both ventricles contract at same time |
| where does blood move from and where does it pass through | moves from atria to ventricles, passing through opan AV valves |
| is bicuspid valve open or closed when heart is relaxed | open |
| what happens to the cusps in bicuspid when heart is relaxes | the cusps of the valve are pushed by the blood into the ventricles |
| aortic semilunar valve is open or closed when heart is relaxed | closed |
| what happens to the cusps in the aortic semulunar valve when heart is relaxed | the cusps of the valve overlap as they are pushed by the blood in the aorta toward the ventricle |
| where does deoxygenated blood arrive at | at the right atri via SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus |
| where does oxygenated blodd arrive at | at the left atria via four pulmonary veins |
| when does valve position | when blood is flowing out of the left ventricle |
| is the bicuspid valve open or closed when hearting is contracted | closed |
| what happens the cusps in bicuspid valve when heart is contracted | cusps of the valve overlap as they are pushed by the blood toward the left atrium |
| is aortic semilunar valve open or closed when heart is contracted | open |
| what happens to cusps in aortic semilnar valve when heart is contracted | pushed by the blood toward aorta |
| function of heart skeletion | electrical insulation between atria and ventricle |
| characteristics of cardiac muscle cells | elongated, branching |
| characteristics of cardiac muscle cells | have intercalated discs |
| characteristics of cardiac muscle cells | striated |
| characteristics of cardiac muscle cells | have sarcomeres |
| what are two population of muscle cells in heart | contractile and conducting cells |
| what is the function of conducting cells | generate action potentials and relay AP'S to contractile cells |
| what components of the right atrium does the conductiong system have | SA and AV mode |
| what components of the ventricles does the conductiong system have | AV bundles, bundle branches, purkinje fibers |
| SA mode is the | pacemakrt of the heart |
| what happens to the AP's in SA node | AP's that aere generated at SA node travel through walls of atrium to AV node, spreat throughout contractile cells of atria |
| what happens to AP's in AV node | AP's pass through AV node and along AV bundle, AV bundle extends through the interventrucular septum |
| does AP dlow down at AV node | yes |
| what happens to the atria and ventricle when delayed | prevents them from contracting at the same time |
| what does the bundle branches carry | AP to apex of each ventricle |
| what causes delay of impulse at AV bundle | smaller cells of AV bundle, few intercalacted discs |
| what does the delay at AV bundle allow atria to do | to contact before ventricle |
| in contractile cells, the sodium channels are open or closed in rapid depolarization | open |
| in plateau phase, what happens to calcium | enough calcium channels are open to slow down depolarization, calcium influx initiates muscle contraction |
| in pacemaker potential, | small number of sodium channels are open, voltage gated ca2+ channels begin to open which mainly responsible for depolarization |
| depolarization phase | voltage gated ca+ channels open |
| what does having tachycardia mean | heart rate excess of 100 bpm |
| what does having bradycardia mean | heart rate less than 60 bpm |
| what is cardiac cycle | the repetitive contraction-relaxtion of the heart |
| what is the normal cardiac cycle lenght in an adult | .7-.8 seconds |
| what does cardiac cycle depend on | ability of the muscle to contract, integrity of conduction system |
| what does systole mean | contraction |
| what does diastole mean | relaxation |
| what happens in a passive ventricular filling | blood passively filling atria pushing AV valves open which most of ventricular filling take place |
| what happens in atrial systole | atrial contraction finishes filling ventricles |
| what happens in early ventricular systole | ventricular contraction begins, ventricles are filled with blood, AV valves are closed making the first heart sound |
| end diastolic volume is | volume inside ventricles |
| in early ventricular systole, what happens to the atria | its relaxed, blood flows through from veins |
| in early ventricular systole, what happens to the ventricles | its filled with blood, then ventricular contraction begins, AV and semilunar valves remain closed, contraction increases pressure |
| what happens in the ventrucular systole period of ejection | ventricular contraction increases, increasing ventricular pressure, pressure pushes semilunar valves open, blood flows through semilunar valves |
| what happens in ventricular and atrial diastole | ventricles are relaxed, blood inside the aorta and pulmonary trunk returns, filling semilunar valves to close, AV valves closed, second heart starts |
| EDV-ESV= | SV |
| what is the strongest aortic/blood pressure | 120mmHg- 80mmHg |
| what does MAP mean | mean arterial blood pressure |
| CO means | cardiac output resistance |
| HR means | heart rate |
| CO= | HR X SV |
| MAP= | HR X SV X PR |
| in cardiac output resistance, how many liters of blood will be pumped out | 5-6 L/min |
| MAP are directly porpotional to what | CO |
| what does preload mean | the volume of blood that arrives at the right atria |
| what happens when preload is increases | EDV is increased, which stretches the ventricular walls |
| what is the response to the preload and EDV increase | an increase in contractility causing a greater SV, which is called starling law of thr heart |
| what is afterload | pressure that the left ventricle must exert to open the aortic semilunar valve |
| when the afterload is increased | it decreases SV, CO and MAP |
| high blood pressure does what to the afterload | increases |
| whats the effects of ANS on the heart | increased sympathetic stimulation |
| whats the effects of ANS on the heart | decreased parasympathetic stimulation |
| whats the effects of ANS on the heart | increased secretion of epinephrine and nonepinephrine from adrenal glands |
| what cranial nerve does parasympathetic involve | X vagus nerve |
| what does parasympathetic stimulation does to HR | lowers HR |
| parasympathic stimulation | indirectly increasing SV |
| changes in blood pressure are detected by what | baroreceptors |
| where are baroreceptors are located | in the carotid and aortic bodies (carotid artery and aorta) |
| normal blood pressure | 80-120 mmHg |
| what does the sensory branches of glossopharyngeal and vagus direct their message from | the baroreceptors to the cardiovascular area in the medulla which returns to homeostatic conditions |
| coronary heart disease is what | clogged coronary arteries reduce the amount of blood delivered to the heart |
| what does coronary heart disease cause | angina pectoris or heart pain |
| myocardial infarction are | heart attacks |
