5th Form - DNA and Cell Division
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5th Form - DNA and Cell Division - Details
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| The form of cell division that forms four haploid, genetically different cells, forming gametes. | Meiosis |
| A type of RNA that forms a copy of the template strand of the DNA during transcription. | MRNA, messenger |
| The form of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells from a diploid body cell. | Mitosis |
| A rare, random change in DNA. | Mutation |
| Radiation such as gamma rays, X-rays and ultraviolet radiation that can damage cells and produce mutations in genes. | Ionising Radiation |
| The process by which the information in the base sequence of a strand of the DNA is copied to a molecule of RNA. | Transcription |
| Which statement is true of genes? a) A gene is a short section of DNA that codes for a protein. b) A single molecule of DNA c) Humans have 46 genes | A) A gene is a short section of DNA that codes for a protein. |
| How many chromosomes does a human have in each body cell? a) 22 pairs b) 23 pairs c) 46 pairs | B) 23 pairs |
| Which statement is correct about the cells produced by mitosis? a) Two daughter cells are produced, each has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell b) Four daughter cells are produced, each has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell c) Two daughter cells are produced, each has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell | A) Two daughter cells are produced, each has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell |
| What happens during interphase? a) DNA replication b) Cytoplasm separates c) the nucleus dissolves | A) DNA replication |
| How much time is spent in interphase Vs mitosis? a) Interphase 90%, Mitosis 10% b) Interphase 50%, Mitosis 50% c) Interphase 10%, Mitosis 90% | A) Interphase 90%, Mitosis 10% |
| Where would you find fast dividing cells in plants? a) Stem and Leaves b) Leaves and Flowers c) Stem and Roots | C) Stem and Roots |
| Which of these is an advantage of asexual reproduction? a) it produces variation b) it is quicker c) it requires time to find a mate | B) it's quicker |
| What occurs during transcription? a) the DNA is replicated b) a strand of mRNA is made, carrying the genetic code c) the cell starts to divide | B) a strand of mRNA is made, carrying the genetic code |
| What occurs during translation? a) the code from the mRNA is converted to a chain of Amino Acids b) the DNA is copied c) the cell starts to divide | A) the code from the mRNA is converted to a chain of Amino Acids |
| Which scientists were involved in the discovery of the structure of DNA? | Watson, Crick, Franklin |
| What is a genome? | The entire DNA of an organism |
| What is a gene? (1) | A section of a molecules of DNA which codes for a protein |
| Where are chromosomes located? (1) | In the cell nucleus |
| Where are genes located? (1) | On chromosomes, in the cell nucleus |
| Describe the structure of DNA (3) | DNA is a double helix Contains bases A,T, C,G Sugar-phosphate backbone Double stranded |
| What is the base pairing rule? | A + T, C +G Apple in the Tree Car in the Garage |
| How is the structure of RNA different to that of DNA? (2) | RNA is single stranded RNA contains Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T). |
| What are the two main stages of protein synthesis called? | Transcription & Translation |
| What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis? | The gene in the DNA is transcribed to form mRNA, which can leave the nucleus and deliver the base-sequence to the ribosome for translation |
| What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis? | The ribosome is where translation of the gene from mRNA to a chain of amino acid occurs, with the sequence of the mRNA being read in codons, coding for one amino acid. |
| What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis? | TRNA contains an anti-codon to the mRNA codon which are complementary. The tRNA delivers the correct Amino Acid to the chain of Amino acids forming in translation. |
| What are the roles of codons and anticodons in protein synthesis? | The mRNA contains codons, the tRNA anticodons which are complementary. This ensures that only the correct amino acid for coded in the sequence is added tot he resulting polypeptide. |
| How do we end up with differences in inherited characteristics? | There are different forms of any given gene called alleles. We inherit one allele from each parent, resulting in two copies of every gene. |
| Describe the stages of mitosis (5) | P - Prophase - preparation, chromosomes condense M - Metaphase - middle, chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell A - Anaphase - away, the sister chromatids are pulled away to opposite poles by their centromeres T - Telophase - two, two nuclei are formed C - Cytokinesis - the cytoplasm pinches and separates forming two separate cells |
| List the reasons why a cell may divide by mitosis. (4) | Growth Repair Cloning Asexual Reproduction |
| Why would a cell a cell divide my meiosis and where in the body would this happen? | To produce gametes in the testes or ovary |
| Why does random fertilisation produce variation in offspring? | Every gamete is different so every combination will result in genetically different offspring |
| What are the two types of variation? | Genetic and Environmental |
| How can a mutation affect the phenotype of an organism? | The sequence of amino acids is changed in a protein |
| How can a mutation result in a non-functioning enzyme? | The sequence of amino acids in the protein is changes, so does the 3D shape, resulting in an active site that can no longer fit the substrate. |
| Do most mutations have a significant effect? | No - most are silent mutations and do not affect the resulting protein. (because the code is degenerate, multiple codons code for the same Amino Acid) |
| List as many mutagens as you can: | Ionising Radiation such as: Gamma-rays X-Rays Ultraviolet Rays (sun exposure) Chemical mutagens such as: Cigarettes Processed food |