Ancient World History
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| Feudalism | He dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. |
| Manor | A large, elaborate house where the Lord and his family lived. Sometimes this was an actual castl |
| Charlegmagne | Charlemagne established schools and libraries, which helped to preserve many important works from ancient Greece and Rome. He also promoted the use of Latin as the language of scholarship, which helped to unify Europe's diverse cultures. Charlemagne was also a skilled military leader and conquered many lands in Europe during his reign. This expansion helped to create a more stable political landscape in Europe. Overall, Charlemagne's impaect on the Dark Ages was immense. His efforts to promote learning and culture helped to lay the foundation for the Renaissance that would follow centuries later. His military conquests also played an important role in shaping europe. |
| How did charles martel spread of christianity | Martel's most notable contribution to the spread of Christianity was his victory over the Muslim army at the Battle of Tours in 732 AD. This battle prevented the Muslim conquest of Europe and ensured that Christianity remained dominant in Western Europe. He recognized that military conquest alone would not be enough to convert people, so he also sent missionaries to these regions to spread the faith. |
| How charlegmagne spread chrustianity | Charlemagne sought to unite all the Germanic peoples into one kingdom, and convert his subjects to Christianity. In order to carry out this mission, he spent the majority of his reign engaged in military campaigns. He eventually forced the Saxons to convert to Christianity, and declared that anyone who didn't get baptized or follow other Christian traditions be put to death. He launched military campaigns and forced people to be christian or die. |
| How clovis spread christianity | Clovis then began to promote Christianity throughout his kingdom by building churches and monasteries and appointing bishops and priests. He also encouraged his subjects to convert to Christianity by offering them incentives such as land grants and other privileges |
| The manor | The manor was typically owned by a lord who controlled the land and its resources, while the peasants worked on the land and paid rent to the lord in exchange for protection and access to resources. he manor was an essential part of medieval life as it provided food, shelter, and other necessities for both the lord and his subjects. The agricultural system of the manor included crops such as wheat, barley, rye, and oats as well as livestock like cows, pigs, sheep, and chickens. The manor also had its own blacksmiths, carpenters, weavers and other craftsmen who produced goods necessary for daily life. This self-sufficiency allowed for minimal trade with outside communities. |
| Strucutr eof church hiearchy | At the top of this hierarchy was the pope, who held supreme authority over all other members of the church. Below him were cardinals, bishops, and archbishops, who oversaw various regions and dioceses. The clergy also played an important role in this system, with priests serving as intermediaries between God and the people. Monks and nuns lived in monasteries and convents, respectively, dedicating their lives to prayer and contemplation. This hierarchical structure allowed for centralized control over religious affairs while also providing opportunities for advancement within the church. Howev |
| Papal supremacy | Papal Supremacy is the doctrine that asserts the Pope's authority over all Christian churches and their leaders. This concept has been a central tenet of the Roman Catholic Church since its inception, and it has been a source of controversy throughout history. The idea of Papal Supremacy was first articulated in the 5th century by Pope Leo I, who argued that he had ultimate authority over all bishops and could intervene in any church matter. This claim was later codified in canon law and became a defining feature of Catholicism. Throughout history, Papal Supremacy has been challenged by various groups, including Protestant reformers who rejected the Pope's authority altogether. However, despite these |
| Monastriess, universities, cathedrals, in the medeval ages | Monasteries were centers of learning and religious devotion where monks lived a life of prayer, study, and manual labor. They also provided education to the local community and preserved ancient texts. Universities emerged during this period as centers of higher education where students could learn various subjects such as law, medicine, theology, and philosophy. Cathedrals were grand structures built to honor God and serve as places of worship for the faithful. They were also centers of artistic expression with intricate carvings and stained glass windows depicting biblical stories |
| Holy roman empire | The empire was founded by Charlemagne, who united much of Western Europe under his rule in the late 8th and early 9th centuries. However, it was not until the coronation of Otto I as emperor in 962 that the Holy Roman Empire truly came into being. The empire was a loose confederation of territories and states, each with its own ruler and laws. The emperor held little real power, but served as a figurehead and mediator between the various rulers. Over time, the empire became increasingly fragmented and weak, as individual states gained more autonomy and power. |
| Byzatine empire | The Byzantine Empire was a continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire that lasted from the 4th century AD until its fall in 1453. The empire was centered around Constantinople, which served as its capital and was one of the most important cities in the world at the time. The Byzantine Empire was known for its strong military, impressive architecture, and rich culture. It played a significant role in shaping European history by preserving ancient Greek and Roman knowledge and transmitting it to future generations. One of the most notable achievements of the Byzantine Empire was its preservation of Christianity. The empire became a stronghold for Orthodox Christianity, which remains an important religion in modern-day Greece and Russia. Despite its many accomplishments, the Byzantine Empire faced numerous challenges throughout its existence. It struggled with economic instability, political turmoil, and invasions from foreign powers. |
| Eastern orthodox compared too roman catholic christianity | One of the main differences is in their approach to authority. The Roman Catholic Church recognizes the Pope as its supreme leader, while Eastern Orthodoxy has no single leader. Instead, it is governed by a council of bishops who have equal authority. Another difference is in their liturgy and sacraments. Both churches celebrate the Eucharist, but there are differences in how it is done. Eastern Orthodoxy places more emphasis on mystical experience and symbolism, while Roman Catholicism focuses more on ritual and tradition. Finally, there are differences in theology and doctrine. For example, Eastern Orthodoxy emphasizes theosis or deification – the idea that humans can become like God – while Roman Catholicism emphasizes salvation through faith and good works. |
| Byzantines effect on preservation and blending of Greek, Roman, and Christain contributionan | One of the most significant contributions of the Byzantines was their preservation of ancient Greek and Roman texts. They copied many manuscripts that would have otherwise been lost to history. This allowed for the continuation of classical education throughout Europe. The Byzantines also blended Christianity with classical culture. They incorporated Christian themes into their art and architecture while still maintaining elements of Greco-Roman style. |
| Iconoclasm | Iconoclasm is often associated with religious conflict, as it is seen as an attack on traditional beliefs and practices. However, it can also be viewed as a form of political protest or cultural rebellion against established authority. Iconoclasm refers to the destruction of religious images or icons, |
| Cause and effect of first crusade | He cause of this crusade was the desire of Christians to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslim control. The effect of the First Crusade was the establishment of Christian states in Palestine and Syria. The establishment of Christian states in Palestine and Syria was an important effect of the First Crusade. These states lasted for almost two centuries before they were eventually conquered by Muslim armies. |
| Cause and effect of reopening trade in western europe and the rise of merchants in charter towns | He Crusades, which began in the 11th century, opened up new trade routes to the East and brought back exotic goods such as spices, silk and precious metals. This led to an increase in demand for these luxury items among the wealthy nobility and merchant class. As a result, charter towns were established across Europe to facilitate trade and commerce. These towns were granted special privileges by their rulers, including exemption from certain taxes and the right to govern themselves. This allowed merchants to conduct business freely and without interference from local authorities. The rise of merchants in these charter towns also had a ripple effect on society as a whole. As they accumulated wealth through trade, they became influential members of their communities and often held positions of power within local governments. |
| Rise of monarch and nation states | He monarchs of Europe saw this as an opportunity to consolidate their power and establish themselves as supreme rulers. They raised armies, levied taxes and created bureaucracies to support their war efforts. The Crusades also led to increased trade between Europe and the Middle East which helped grow the economy of these nations. As a result of these developments, monarchs became more powerful than ever before. They were able to exert greater control over their subjects and establish themselves as national leaders. This laid the foundation for modern nation-states that we see today. In conclusion, while the Crusades were primarily fought for religious reasons, they had far-reaching political consequences that shaped European history for centuries to come. The rise of monarchs and nation-states during this period was just one example of how historical events can have long-lasting effects on society. |
| How did competition for power between monarch, nobles, and church, lead to power into nation states | In medieval Europe, monarchs held absolute power over their kingdoms, but they often relied on the support of powerful nobles and the church to maintain their authority. This led to a complex web of alliances and conflicts as each group vied for greater influence. As monarchs began to centralize their power and assert greater control over their territories, they often clashed with the nobility and the church. The rise of nationalism in the 18th and 19th centuries further fueled this competition for power, as people began to identify more strongly with their nation than with traditional sources of authority. Ultimately, this struggle for power paved the way for modern nation-states by weakening traditional institutions and creating new ones that were better suited to meet the needs of a rapidly changing world. |
| Role of merchants in a kings power | Throughout history, merchants have played a crucial role in the power and success of kings. Merchants were often wealthy individuals who had access to resources and goods that were necessary for the growth and prosperity of a kingdom. They were able to provide the king with valuable commodities such as food, clothing, weapons, and luxury items that could be used to strengthen the economy and increase the king's power. In addition to providing goods, merchants also had significant influence over trade routes and markets. They could use their wealth to bribe officials or gain favor with other rulers in order to secure favorable trading conditions for their kingdom. This allowed kings to expand their influence beyond their borders and establish themselves as major players in international trade. Furthermore, merchants often served as advisors to kings on matters related to finance and economics. Their expertise in these areas was invaluable in helping kings make informed decisions about taxation, investment, and economic policy. Overall, the role of merchants in a king's power cannot be overstated. Their wealth, influence over trade routes, and expertise made them essential allies for any ruler seeking to build a strong and prosperous kingdom. |
| Rise of monarchy in england, how magna carta and parliament limited king creating principals of government | The rise of monarchy in England can be traced back to the Norman Conquest of 1066. William the Conqueror established a strong central government, which paved the way for the development of an absolute monarchy. However, over time, the power of the king was limited by two key documents - Magna Carta and Parliament. Magna Carta was signed in 1215 and established that even kings were subject to the law. It also granted certain rights to nobles and freemen, such as protection from arbitrary imprisonment and taxation without representation. This document laid the foundation for constitutional government in England. Parliament emerged as a powerful institution during the reign of Edward I (1272-1307). It consisted of two houses - the House of Lords (composed of nobles) and the House of Commons (composed of commoners). Parliament had significant powers, including approving taxes and passing laws. Together, Magna Carta and Parliament limited the power of kings in England by creating principles of governance that placed limits on royal authority. These principles included rule by law, representation, consent, accountability, and checks on power. As a result, England became a constitutional monarchy with a system that balanced royal authority with popular sovereignty. |
| William the conqueror | In 1066, he invaded England and defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings, becoming the first Norman king of England. William's reign was marked by significant changes to English society. He introduced feudalism to England, which created a hierarchical system where landowners held power over their tenants. William also commissioned the Domesday Book, which recorded all land ownership in England and helped establish a centralized government. Despite his harsh rule and suppression of rebellions, William is remembered as one of England's greatest monarchs. His victory at Hastings changed the course of English history and paved the way for future Norman rulers. H |
| Henry II | Henry II was a significant figure in the medieval ages, known for his reforms and contributions to the legal system. He was born in 1133 and became King of England in 1154. Henry II is often credited with establishing the common law system, which allowed for a more unified legal code throughout England. One of Henry II's most notable accomplishments was his creation of the jury system. This allowed for a group of citizens to determine guilt or innocence in criminal cases, rather than relying solely on the judgment of one person. Additionally, he established circuit courts that traveled throughout England to hear cases and ensure justice was being served. Henry II also had a tumultuous relationship with the Church, particularly with Archbishop Thomas Becket. After Becket's murder in 1170, Henry II faced backlash from both his subjects and other European leaders. |
| John, magna carta | King John’s reign was marked by controversy and conflict, particularly with his barons who were unhappy with his rule. In response to their grievances, they forced him to sign the Magna Carta which became a symbol of liberty and justice for centuries to come. The Magna Carta established principles such as due process of law, protection against arbitrary imprisonment, and the right to a fair trial. |
| Edward, parliament | Edward Parliament was a prominent figure in British politics during the mid-19th century. Born into a wealthy family, he received an excellent education and went on to become a Member of Parliament at the age of 25. He quickly rose through the ranks and became known for his eloquent speeches and strong leadership skills. Parliament was a staunch advocate for social reform, particularly in the areas of education and healthcare. He believed that every citizen had the right to access quality education and healthcare regardless of their social status or financial means. He also championed workers' rights and fought against unfair labor practices. |
| Habeas corpus | The phrase "Habeas Corpus" means "you shall have the body," and it refers to the legal procedure through which a person who is detained or imprisoned can challenge their detention in court. The origins of Habeas Corpus can be traced back to medieval England, where it was used as a tool to prevent unlawful imprisonment by monarchs. Over time, Habeas Corpus became an essential safeguard against government abuse of power and a cornerstone of democratic societies. In modern times, Habeas Corpus has been challenged by governments seeking to detain individuals without trial or due process. However, courts around the world have consistently upheld its importance as a bulwark against tyranny and oppression. In conclusion, Habeas Corpus is an essential principle of law that protects individual liberty from arbitrary detention. Its continued existence is crucial for maintaining democratic societies that respect human rights and the rule of law. |
| Limited government | Limited government is a political philosophy that advocates for a government with restricted powers and minimal interference in the lives of its citizens. This concept is based on the idea that individuals have inherent rights and freedoms that should not be infringed upon by the state. The role of limited government is to protect these rights, provide essential services, and maintain law and order. |
| Phillip agustus | He also defeated the Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. In addition to his military victories, Philip Augustus implemented several reforms that improved the administration of France. He created a centralized government with officials appointed by him rather than local nobles. He also established a system for collecting taxes that helped fund his military campaigns. Philip Augustus was a patron of the arts and architecture. He commissioned several buildings including Notre-Dame de Paris and Sainte-Chapelle. |
| Ferdinand and isabella of spain | Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain are known as one of the most powerful and influential monarchs in history. They were responsible for the unification of Spain, the expulsion of Jews and Muslims, and the funding of Christopher Columbus’ voyage to America. Ferdinand was born in 1452 in Sos, Aragon, while Isabella was born in 1451 in Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Castile. They both inherited their respective kingdoms from their parents and married each other in 1469. Together they worked towards unifying Spain under one rule. One of their most significant achievements was the Reconquista, which ended Muslim rule in Spain after centuries of conflict. They also established the Spanish Inquisition to ensure religious conformity within their kingdom. |
| Why knowledge expanded in europe by 1100s | Rest in classical learning, particularly in fields such as philosophy, mathematics, and science. Another factor was the growth of universities, which provided a structured environment for learning and research. The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, was one of the first universities in Europe and became a center for legal studies. Additionally, the Crusades brought Europeans into contact with new cultures and ideas from the Middle East. This exposure to different ways of thinking helped to broaden European perspectives and fostered intellectual curiosity. Finally, advancements in technology such as papermaking and printing made it easier to disseminate knowledge across Europe. These developments paved the way for further intellectual growth throughout the Renaissance period. |
| Charecteristics of gotchic archetecutre in cathedrals | Gothic architecture in cathedrals and art is characterized by its intricate and ornate design, featuring pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. This architectural style emerged in the 12th century in France and spread throughout Europe during the medieval period. One of the most notable characteristics of Gothic architecture is its use of light. The large stained glass windows allowed natural light to enter the cathedral, creating a mystical atmosphere that was intended to inspire awe and reverence among worshippers. Additionally, Gothic cathedrals were often built on a grand scale, with towering spires reaching towards the heavens. Another key feature of Gothic architecture is its emphasis on verticality. The pointed arches and ribbed vaults allowed for taller buildings to be constructed while also creating an illusion of height. This verticality was further emphasized by the use of flying buttresses which provided additional support for the walls while also adding to the overall aesthetic appeal. In conclusion, Gothic architecture in cathedrals and art is characterized by its intricate design, emphasis on light and verticality, as well as its use of pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and stained glass windows. These features have made Gothic architecture one of the most recognizable styles in history. |
| Charles martel battle of tours | He battle lasted for several days, but it was ultimately won by Martel's forces. This victory is considered to be one of the most important battles in European history because it stopped the advance of Islam into Europe. Martel's leadership and tactical skills were crucial to this victory. He used his cavalry to outmaneuver the Muslim army and then launched a surprise attack on their flank. This move caused chaos among the enemy ranks and allowed Martel's soldiers to gain the upper hand. The Battle of Tours marked a turning point in European history and solidified Charles Martel's reputation as a great military leader. |
| Hagia sophia | One of the most iconic and historically significant buildings in the world. |
| Caesaropapism | Caesaropapism is a term used to describe the political and religious system in which the ruler of a state also holds supreme authority over the church. This concept originated in the Byzantine Empire, where emperors claimed to be both secular and spiritual leaders. The idea of Caesaropapism was based on the belief that God had given rulers divine right to govern their subjects. As such, emperors saw themselves as responsible for both temporal and spiritual affairs. They appointed bishops and controlled church councils, often using religion as a tool to maintain political power. While Caesaropapism provided stability and unity in some cases, it also led to conflicts between church and state. The Easter |
| Missi dominci | Issi Dominici were officials appointed by the Frankish kings during the Middle Ages to oversee and administer justice in their territories. The term Missi Dominici literally means "envoys of the lord" and they were responsible for ensuring that the laws of the kingdom were being followed, collecting taxes, and reporting back to the king. The Missi Dominici played a crucial role in maintaining law and order in medieval Europe. They traveled throughout their assigned territories, holding court sessions and hearing cases brought before them. They also had the power to investigate corruption among local officials and punish those who violated the law. In addition to their judicial duties, Missi Dominici also acted as ambassadors for the king, negotiating treaties with neighboring kingdoms and resolving disputes between different factions within their own territories. |
| Justinians code | Justinian's Code is a collection of laws and legal interpretations that were compiled during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. This code was created to unify the legal system of the Byzantine Empire and provide a comprehensive set of laws for all citizens. The code consists of four parts: the Codex Justinianus, which contains imperial constitutions; the Digesta, which is a compilation of legal opinions from ancient Roman jurists; the Institutiones, which is a textbook on law for students; and the Novellae Constitutiones Post Codicem, which contains new laws passed after the creation of the first three parts. Justinian's Code had a significant impact on Western legal systems. It served as a model for European law during the Middle Ages and influenced modern civil law codes. The code also helped to preserve ancient Roman law by collecting and organizing it in one place. |
| Sacrament | The sacrament is a religious ritual that symbolizes the spiritual union between God and humanity. It is an essential part of many Christian denominations, including Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Anglicanism. The sacraments are believed to be channels of grace through which believers can receive divine blessings and forgiveness. The seven sacraments recognized by the Catholic Church are baptism, confirmation, Eucharist, penance, anointing of the sick, holy orders, and matrimony. Each sacrament has its own unique significance and purpose in the life of a believer. |
| Lay investure | Lay investiture was a practice in medieval Europe where secular rulers, such as kings and emperors, appointed bishops and other church officials. This practice was controversial because it gave secular rulers too much power over the church, which should have been independent. The controversy surrounding lay investiture came to a head in the 11th century when Pope Gregory VII issued a decree forbidding lay investiture. This led to a conflict between the pope and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, who refused to comply with the decree. The conflict ended with Henry IV being excommunicated by the pope. The controversy over lay investiture highlighted the tension between secular and religious authority in medieval Europe. It also showed how important the church was in medieval society, as even secular rulers sought to control it. Ultimately, lay investiture was abolished by the Concordat of Worms in 1122, which established that only church officials could appoint bishops and other high-ranking clergy. This helped to strengthen the independence of the church and ensure that it remained separate from secular power. |
| Great schism | The Great Schism, also known as the East-West Schism, was a significant event in Christian history that occurred in 1054. It marked the formal split between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, which had been gradually drifting apart for centuries. The main cause of the schism was a disagreement over papal authority and the use of unleavened bread in communion. The Eastern Orthodox Church believed that each bishop should have equal authority and that communion should be served with leavened bread. On the other hand, the Roman Catholic Church believed in papal supremacy and used unleavened bread. Attempts to reconcile the two churches failed, and tensions continued to rise until Pope Leo IX excommunicated Patriarch Michael Cerularius of Constantinople. In response, Cerularius excommunicated Leo IX. The Great Schism had far-reaching consequences for both churches. It led to a permanent division between Eastern and Western Christianity, with each developing its own distinct traditions and practices. Despite efforts at reconciliation over the years, such as those made during Vatican II in 1965, there remains a divide between these two branches of Christianity today. |
| Crusades | The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims in the Middle Ages. The first Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II, who called on Christians to take up arms and reclaim Jerusalem from Muslim control. Over the next two centuries, several more Crusades were launched with varying degrees of success. The motivations behind the Crusades were complex and varied. Some saw it as a holy mission to defend Christianity, while others sought wealth and land. The impact of the Crusades on both Europe and the Middle East was significant. They led to increased trade and cultural exchange between East and West, but also resulted in widespread violence, destruction, and loss of life. Despite their mixed legacy, the Crusades remain an important chapter in world history. They continue to shape our understanding of religious conflict, cultural exchange, and global politics today. |
| Agricultural revolution | The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims in the Middle Ages. The first Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II, who called on Christians to take up arms and reclaim Jerusalem from Muslim control. Over the next two centuries, several more Crusades were launched with varying degrees of success. The motivations behind the Crusades were complex and varied. Some saw it as a holy mission to defend Christianity, while others sought wealth and land. The impact of the Crusades on both Europe and the Middle East was significant. They led to increased trade and cultural exchange between East and West, but also resulted in widespread violence, destruction, and loss of life. Despite their mixed legacy, the Crusades remain an important chapter in world history. They continue to shape our understanding of religious conflict, cultural exchange, and global politics today. |
| Vernacular | Vernacular refers to the language or dialect spoken by the common people in a particular region or country |
| Domesday book, william the conqueror | Domesday Book is a historical document that was commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1085. The book was created to provide an accurate record of the land and property ownership across England, as well as to assess the wealth and resources of the country. It was a comprehensive survey that covered every aspect of life in England, from agriculture to trade. The Domesday Book was an important tool for William the Conqueror, as it allowed him to maintain control over his new kingdom. By knowing who owned what land and how much it was worth, he could ensure that taxes were paid correctly and that his subjects were loyal to him. Today, the Domesday Book remains an invaluable resource for historians studying medieval England. It provides a unique insight into the lives of ordinary people during this period, as well as offering a glimpse into the workings of government under William the Conqueror. In conclusion, Domesday Book is an essential piece of English history that has stood the test of time. Its legacy continues to be felt today, both in terms of its historical significance and its ongoing relevance for modern scholars. |
| Scholastcism and thomas aquinas | Scholasticism was a medieval philosophy that sought to reconcile faith and reason, and Thomas Aquinas was one of its most prominent figures. Aquinas believed that reason could be used to understand the nature of God and the world around us, but that faith was necessary for salvation. Aquinas's approach to philosophy was heavily influenced by Aristotle, whom he believed had discovered many truths about the natural world. He also drew on Christian theology, particularly the works of Augustine, in his attempt to reconcile faith and reason. One of Aquinas's most famous works is the Summa Theologica, which is a comprehensive guide to Christian theology. In it, he addresses a wide range of topics including God's existence, morality, and the nature of human beings. Aquinas's ideas were highly influential in medieval Europe and continue to be studied today. His emphasis on reason as well as faith helped pave the way for later philosophers who sought to reconcile science and religion. |
| Pope urban 11 | Pope Urban II was a prominent figure in the history of the Catholic Church, known for his role in launching the First Crusade. Born Odo of Châtillon-sur-Marne in France, he became pope in 1088 and quickly set about reforming the church. In 1095, Pope Urban II called for a crusade to retake Jerusalem from Muslim control. He delivered a speech at the Council of Clermont that inspired thousands of Christians to take up arms and travel to the Holy Land. The First Crusade was ultimately successful in capturing Jerusalem, but it also resulted in violence and bloodshed on both sides. Despite this, Pope Urban II is remembered as a significant figure who helped shape the course of European history. His call for a crusade marked a turning point in relations between Christianity and Islam, and his efforts to reform the church helped establish its authority throughout Europe. Overall, Pope Urban II's legacy is one of leadership and vision, as he worked tirelessly to promote peace and unity among Christians while also defending their faith against external threats. |
| Why were the crusades the turning point for medieval europe | The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims in the Middle Ages. These wars had a significant impact on medieval Europe, making them the turning point for the continent. The Crusades brought about changes in politics, economics, and culture. Politically, the Crusades led to the rise of powerful monarchies in Europe. Kings and queens gained more power as they funded and led armies to fight in the Holy Land. This shift from feudalism to centralized power marked a significant change in European politics. Economically, the Crusades opened up trade routes between Europe and Asia. As Europeans traveled to the Holy Land, they discovered new goods and technologies that they brought back with them. This led to an increase in commerce and wealth throughout Europe. Culturally, the Crusades exposed Europeans to new ideas and cultures. They encountered different religions, languages, art forms, and philosophies that broadened their worldview. In conclusion, the Crusades were a turning point for medieval Europe because they brought about political centralization, economic growth through trade expansion, and cultural exchange with other civilizations. |
| Caesaropapism | , political system in which the head of the state is also the head of the church and supreme judge in religious matters. |
| 3300 | BC Sumer |
| 400s BC | BC life of socrates, siddhartha gatuama, confucious |
| 323 BC | BC Alexander of MAcedon and spread of hellinistic culture |
| 0 | Jesus |
| 476 | Fall of rome |
| 632 | Muhhamad |
| 800s | Charlegmane, golden age in islamic and chinese empires, |
| 1095 | First crusade |
| 1215 | Magna carta |
| 1300s | Pax mongolica |
| 1453 | Fall of constanople, end of hundred years war, symoblic end of european middle ages |
| Buddhism founder | Siddhartha Gautama |
| Shang (1766 BC - 1122 BC) | Ade, farming, and learning prospered iron working, greater food production, coins, roads, canals, irrigation, silk, astronomy, calendar, art, bronze technology, calligraphy, books |
| Zhou (1122 BC - 256 BC) | Iron working, greater food production, coins, roads, canals Iffigalon, silk. astronomy, calendar, art. bronze technology calligraphy, books |
| How religion impacted india | Strengthened-Depended on everyone to do their part, from grave diggers to scholars. weakened- caste is determined a birth according to your karma and past life, no sympathy for the lower class |
| How religion impacted china | Limited- Daoism: People may focus too much on the present, so the future won't be planned. People could do whatever and not think about the consequences. Society may not advance as much, would jot progress Legalism: sometimes cruel and made citizens revolt Strengthened- Daoism: less anxious because they are only focusing on the moment, focus society, better environment that could thrive, Daoism: people would refrain from causing chaos or violence Legalism: justice system instead or integrity |
| Habeas corpus | Principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime |
| Parliament | Legislature of England, and later of Great Britain |
| Neolithic revolution | Birth of agriculture |
| 8 charecteristics of a civilization | Cities, gov, religion, job, social clas,s public works, arts, architecture, writing |
| Egypt river | Nile |
| Sumer | Tigris, euphrotes river |
| Indus | Indus river ghaggar-hakra river |
| Hittites | Use of iron |
| Phonecians | Modern alphabet |
| Rossetta stone | Key to understanding hirioglyphics, |
| Hammurabi | Collection of 282 rules, |
| Abraham | First hebrew patriarch, revered in judaism, christianity, and islam |
| Shi huangdi | Emperor of qin dynasty, laid great wall of china |
| King tutankahmen | Restored egypt religion/art |
| India, aryan | Caste suystem, stem acheivements |
| India maurya | Trade and economy |
| India gupta | Decimal system |
| China HAN | Civil service exam |
| Pax romana | Roman peace |
| Augustus ceaser | Conquered gaul, extended roman rule to atlantic ocean, famous for battle tactics |
| Julius ceaser | Enlarged senate, created gov reforms, decreased roman debt |
| Peloponnesian wars | Athens vs sparta, athenes surrendered, end of golden age of greece and fall of athens |
| Hellenism | Greek thoughts/customs |
| Vernacular | Language/dialect spoken by ordinary people |
| Quipu | Collection of string to represent a writing system |
| Chinampa | Floating island to cultivate crops |
| Mansa Musa | Richest man, brought back muslim scholars |
| 5 pillars | 1. declare faith 2. pray 5x daily 3. fast during 4.give to poor 5. make a hajj to kaaba |