Arborist Study Course
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| Abscission zone | Area at the base of the petiole where cellular breakdown leads to leaf and fruit drop |
| Absorbing roots | Fine, fibrous roots that take up water and minerals. Most absorbing roots are within the top 12" (30 cm) of soil. |
| Aerial roots | Aboveground roots. Usually adventitious in nature and sometimes having unique adaptive functions. |
| Adventitious bud | Bud arising from a place other than a leaf axil or shoot tip, usually as a result of hormonal triggers. |
| Angiosperm | Polant with seeds borne in an ovary. Consists of two large groups: monocotyledons (grasses, palms, and related plants) and dicotyledons (most woody trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and related plants). Contrast with gymnosperms. |
| Anthocyanin | Red or purple pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants. Compare to carotenoid. |
| Antitranspirant | Substance applied to the foliage of plants to reduce water loss (transpiration). |
| Apical bud | Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot. |
| Apical dominance | Condition in which the terminal bud inhibits the growth and development of the lateral buds on the same stem formed during the same season. |
| Apical meristem | Growing point at the tips of shoots and roots. |
| Apoplasm | Free spaces in plant tissue. Includes cell walls and intracellular spaces. |
| Auxin | Plant hormone or substance that promotes or regulates the growth and development of plants. Produced at sites where cells are dividing, primarily in the shoot tips. Auxin-like compounds may be synthetically produced. |
| Axial transport | Movement of water, minerals, or photosynthates longitudinally within a tree. |
| Axillary bud | Bud in the axil of a leaf. Lateral bud. |
| Branch bark ridge | Raised strip of bark at the top of a branch union, where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge. |
| Branch collar | Area where a branch joins another branch or trunk that is created by the overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the trunk. Typically enlarged at the base of the branch |
| Bud | (1) small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant that may develop into a flower or shoot. (2) undeveloped flower or shoot containing a meristematic growing point. |
| Buttress root | Roots at the trunk base that help support the tree and equalize mechanical stress. |
| Cambium | Thin layer(s) of meristematic cells that give rise (outward) to the phloem and (inward) to the xylem, increasing stem and root diameter. |
| Carbohydrate | Compound, combining carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, that is produced by plants as a result of photosynthesis. Sugars and starches. |
| Carotenoid | Yellow, orange, or red pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants. Compare to anthocyanin. |
| Cellulose | Complex carbohydrate found in the cellular walls of the majority of plants and algae and certain fungi. |
| Chlorophyll | Green pigment of plants found in chloroplasts. Captures the energy of the sun and is essential in photosynthesis. |
| Chloroplast | Specialized organelle found in some cells. Site of photosynthesis. |
| CODIT | Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees |
| Companion cell | Specialized cell in the angiosperm phloem derived from the same parent cell as the closely associated, immediately adjacent sieve-tube member. |
| Compartmentalization | Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms. |
| Cork cambium | Meristematic tissue from which the corky, protective outer layer of bark is formed. |
| Cuticle | Waxy layer outside the epidermis of a leaf that reduces water loss and resists insect damage. |
| Cytokinin | Plant hormone involved in cell division, leaf expansion, and other physiological process. Compounds with cytokinin-like activity may be synthetically produced. |
| Deciduous | Tree or other plant that sheds all of its leaves according to a genetically scheduled cycle as impacted by climate factors (usually during the cold season in temperate zones). Contrast evergreen. |
| Decurrent | Rounded or spreading growth habit of the tree crown. Contrast with excurrent. |
| Differentiation | Process in the development of cells in which they become specialized for various functions. |
| Diffuse porous | Pattern of wood development in which the vessels and vessel sizes are distributed evenly throughout the annual ring. Contrast with ring porous. |
| Dormant | In a period of dormancy |
| Ecology | Study of the relationships among organisms and other living and nonliving elements of their environment. |
| Epicormic | Arising from a latent adventitious bud (growth point). Usually in reference to a shoot. |
| Evergreen | Tree or other plant that does NOT shed all of its foliage annually. Contrast with deciduous. |
| Excurrent | Tree growth habit characterized by a central leader and pyramidal crown. Contrast with decurrent. |
| Fiber | (1) elongated, tapering, thick-walled cell that provides strength to wood. (2) smallest component of a rope. |
| Frond | Large, divided leaf structures found in palms and ferns. |
| Geotropism | Plant growth produced as a response to the force of gravity, either positive, as in the direction of gravity (roots) or negative, as in opposite the direction of gravity (shoots). |
| Growth ring | Rings of xylem that are visible in a cross section of the stem, branches and roots of some trees. In temperate zones, the rings typically represent one year of growth and are sometimes referred to as annual rings. |
| Guard cell | Pair of specialized cells that regulate the opening and closing of a stomate. |
| Gymnosperm | Plants with exposed seeds, usually within cones. Contrast with angiosperm. |
| Heartwood | Wood that is altered (inward) from sapwood and provides chemical defense against decay-causing organisms and continues to provide structural strength to the trunk. Trees may or may not have heartwood. Contrast with sapwood. |
| Included bark | Bark that becomes embedded in a crotch (union) between branch and trunk or between codominant stems. Causes a weak structure. |
| Inflorescence | Cluster of flowers |
| Internode | Region of the stem between two successive nodes. Contrast with node. |
| Lateral bud | Vegetative bud on the side of a stem. Contrast with terminal bud. |
| Lateral root | Root that arises by cell division in the pericycle of the parent root and then penetrates the cortex and epidermis. |
| Leaf axil | Point of attachment of a leaf petiole to a stem. |
| Lenticel | Small opening in the bark that permits the exchange of gases. |
| Lignin | Organic substance that impregnates certain cell walls to thicken and strengthen the cell to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage. |
| Meristem | Undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place. Found in the root tips, buds, cambium, cork cambium and latent buds. |
| Monocot | See monocotyledon |
| Monocotyledon | Plant with an embryo that has on seed leaf (cotyledon). Examples are grasses and palms. Contrast with dicotyledon. |
| Mycorrhizae | Symbiotic association between certain fungi and the roots of a plant. |
| Node | Slightly enlarged portion of a stem where leaves and buds arise. Contrast with internode. |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential (lower salt concentration) to a region of lower water potential (higher salt concentration). |
| Parenchyma cell | Thin-walled, living cells essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, energy storage and production of protective compounds |
| Periderm | The outer layers of tissue of woody roots and stems, consisting of the cork cambium and the tissues produced by it, such as bark. |
| Petiole | Stalk or support axis of a leaf. |
| Phloem | Plant vascular tissue that transport photosynthates and growth regulators. Situated on the inside of the bark, just outside the cambium. Is bidirectional (transports up and down). Contrast with xylem. |
| Photosynthate | General term for the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis. |
| Photosynthesis | Process in green plants (and in algae and some bacteria) by which light energy is used to form glucose (chemical energy) from water and carbon dioxide. |
| Phototropism | Influence of light on the direction of plant growth. Tendency of plants to grow toward light |
| Plant growth regulator | Compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and/or development of plants. May be naturally produced (hormone) or synthetic. See plant hormone. |
| Plant hormone | Substance produced by a plant that, in low concentrations, affects physiological processes such as growth and development, often at a distance from the substance point of origin. See plant growth regulator. |
| Primary growth | Root and stem growth in length. Occurs at the apical meristems and lateral meristems of all vascular plants |
| Propagation | Process of increasing plant numbers, both sexually and asexually. |
| Radial transport | Lateral movement of substances, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tree or stem. |
| Ray | Parenchyma tissues that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree and function in transport, storage, structural strength and defense. |
| Reaction zone | Natural boundary formed chemically within a tree to separate damaged wood from existing healthy wood. Important in the process of compartmentalization. |
| Respiration | In plants, process by which carbohydrates are converted into energy by using oxygen. |
| Ring porous | Pattern of wood development in which the large-diameter vessels are concentrated in the earlywood. Contrast with diffuse porous. |
| Root crown | Area where the main roots join the plant stem, usually at or near ground level. Root collar. |
| Root initiation zone | Region at the base of a palm stem where lateral roots emerge. |
| Root mat | Dense network of roots near the base of a palm. |
| Sapwood | Outer wood (xylem)that is active in longitudinal transport of water and minerals. Contrast with heartwood. |
| Secondary growth | Increase in root and stem girth or diameter. Occurs at lateral meristems in some vascular plants such as dicots. |
| Sieve cell | Long, slender phloem cell in gymnosperms. |
| Specialized phloem cells involved in photosynthate transport. Exist only in angiosperms. | Sieve tube element |
| Sink | Plant part that uses or stores more energy than it produces. |
| Sinker root | Downward-growing roots that provide anchorage and take up water and minerals. Especially useful during periods of drought. |
| Source | In physiology, plant part that produces carbohydrates. Mature leaves are sources. |
| Stomata | Small pores, between two guard cells on the undersides of leaves and other green plant parts, through which gasses are exchanged and water loss is regulated. |
| Symbiosis | Association of two different types of living organisms that is often, but not always, beneficial to each. |
| Symplasm | Entire mass of protoplasm of all the cells in a plant, interconnected by plasmodesmata. Symplast. Contrast with apoplasm. |
| Tap root | Central, vertical root growing directly below the main stem or trunk that may or may not persist into plant maturity. |
| Temperate | Region lying between the tropics and the poles that has relatively moderate temperatures. |
| Terminal bud | Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot. |
| Tracheid | Elongated, tapering xylem cell adapted for the support and transport of water and elements. |
| Transpiration | Water vapor loss through the stomata of leaves. |
| Tropism | Tendency of growth or variation of a plant in response to an external stimulus such as gravity (geotropism) or light (phototropism). |
| Vessel | End-to-end, tubelike, water-conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms. |
| Xylem | Main water-and mineral-conducting (unidirectional, up only) tissue in trees and other plants. Provides structural support. Arises (inward) from the cambium and becomes wood after lignifying. Contrast with phloem. |