Biology Test
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What is a Prokaryote Cell? | It is a simple cell that contains DNA in the cell wall |
| What is a Eukaryotic Cell? | It is a cell that stores its DNA in the nucleus that reproduces by mitosis and meiosis |
| What are Unicellular Organisms? | They can be Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. They perform all functions. An example is Bacteria and Yeast. |
| What is an Animal Cell? | It is a Eukaryotic cell, that is made up of many organelles. The DNA is stored in the Nucleus and they do not have a cell wall making them and irregular shape. |
| What is a Plant Cell? | It is a Eukaryotic cell, that produces its own food through photosynthesis. The DNA is stored in the nucleus and does have a cell wall giving it a definite shape. |
| What is the main difference between Animal and Plant Cells? | The Animal cell does not have a cell wall and plant cells do. Also Plant cells can provide food for themselves through photosynthesis which animals cells can not do. |
| How do Prokaryotic cells reproduce? | They reproduce through there process called Binary Fission. |
| What is the process of Binary Fission? | This is the reproduction of Prokaryotic cells. It is when the chromosomes in the DNA attach to the plasma membrane and the chromosomes duplicate and the plasma membrane grows apart forming two new sells with full genetic material. |
| What does the process of Binary Fission produce? | Two new daughter cells. |
| What are the advantages of Binary Fission? | Offspring can be rapidly reproduced, do not need a mate and does not require mobility. |
| What are the Disadvantages of Binary Fission? | They are all made up of the same genetic material, they will have inheritance issues and they can become extinct quickly because they share the same genetics. |
| How do Eukaryotic Cells Reproduce? | They reproduce though mitosis and meiosis. |
| What is the process of Mitosis? | The process of mitosis is the doubling of chromosomes, then the separation of the chromosomes and then the movement to opposite ends of the cell and then the final separation creating two new daughter cells. |
| What is the process of Meiosis? | This is a two step process. First the non identical chromosomes are separated and then the identical chromosomes are separated creating 4 new daughter cells. |
| What is the main difference between Mitosis and Meiosis? | Mitosis creates 2 identical daughter cells to the parents and meiosis creates 4 unique daughter cells different to the parents. |
| What are the advantages of Sexual Reproduction? | Creates a different organisms every time, had a better chance of survival and can remove bad genes. |
| What are the disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction? | Requires two parents, takes time and energy and fewer offspring are produced. |
| What is a Vascular Plant? | It is a plant that has elongated strands, specialised cells that transport water and dissolve nutrients and other strands that transport carbohydrates. |
| What do roots do? | Roots absorb water and nutrients that send them to different parts of the plant, they provide a good grip for the stem of the plant and some plants store the food in their roots like carrots and potatoes. |
| What is a Primary Root? | This is the first root of any plant. |
| What is the Lateral Root? | The lateral root system is most plants move out horizontally from the main taproot and serves as the anchor for the plant. They also intake water and nutrients from the soil. |
| What does a Plant Stem do? | The plant stem is to provide water and nutrients to the leaves where photosynthesis and be taken place and then to transport these products from the leaves into other parts of the plant like the roots. |
| What are Flowers? | Flowers are formed when plants mature, they are colourful and fragrant, they are important for plant reproduction and also make the seeds and fruits of the plant. |
| What are Fruits? | Fruits are made when the female part of the flower is pollinated, they are also the part of the plant that holds the seeds. Fruits also help to grow the plants in different places. |
| What 4 organic compounds are found in plants? | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen |
| Why are carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis important for plants? | The provide building block for plants structural support and they are also the main source of energy for the plant. |
| Why is Cellulose important for plants. | Cellulose is the output of photosynthesis and is important as it makes up the tough cell walls that makes up the plants stem, leaves and branches. Cellulose makes these things strong. |
| Why are lipids important for plants? | They are essential as they provide energy for there metabolic processes and are structural components for membranes. |
| Why are Nucleic Acids so important for plants? | They are so important because they serve as information storage devices for the cell. |
| Where does photosynthesis take place? | In the Chloroplast which is an organelle in the plant cell. |
| What give plants its green colour? | Chloroplast |
| What are Xylem Cells? | They are the principle water conducting tissue in vascular plants. |
| What do Xylem Cells do? | They are involved in the conduction of minerals and provide support for the plant. |
| What are Phloem Cells? | It is the food conducting tissue in vascular plants. |
| What are Parenchyma Cells? | They are important for the cells because the regenerate quickly and can help heal plants roots. |
| What are Collenchyma Cells? | These cells support young growing plants |
| What are Sclerenchyma Cells? | They help strengthen and support elements in the plant that have been stretched out. |
| What is a Heterotroph? | It is a living thing that needs to intake or eat all of the nutrient requirements to supply energy and the building blocks for organic compounds |
| What is mechanical digestion? | This involves the physical breakdown of food particles by applying pressure to it. |
| In mechanical digestion(chewing) what digestive enzymes is present? | Amylase enzyme is present and begins the break down of starch and complete sugars. |
| Where does the food go once swallowed? | Down the oesophagus is a ball shaped called the bolus. |
| What is chemical digestion? | This is to break down foods but through the use of chemicals such as acids and enzymes, breaking the food into much small pieces such as carbohydrates, proteins and fatty acids. |
| Where does the food go into from the oesophagus? | The bolus enters the stomach, the bolus then breaks up into pieces and mixed with chime. |
| What acid and digestive enzymes are secreted in the stomach? | Hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen, which break down proteins. |
| Where does the broken down food fragments from the stomach go to? | This then goes to the small intestine in a controlled fashion. |
| What is the Duodenum controlled by? | This is controlled by a band of muscle called the pyloric sphincter |
| What is a the Duodenums surface covered with? | It is covered with microscopic villi that aids in the absorption of molecules. |
| What digestive enzymes enter the small intestine? | Pancreatic enzyme and bile from the gallbladder which breaks down fats into fat droplets. |
| How does fat get absorbed? | Fatty acids and glycerol's are absorbed into the lacteals which are connected to the lymph system. |
| Where does the broken down food molecules from the small intestine to go? | It goes to the large intestine where no digestion is taken place and is primary function is to store waste matter until expulsion through the anus. |
| What are Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates broken down too? | Amino acids, Fatty Acids and Glucose. |
| What are the main functions of the Kidney (Excretory System)? | Filtration, Reabsorption and Excretion |
| What is Filtration in the Kidneys? | Filtration is able to retain blood cells and proteins, but eliminates what is not required for the body. |
| What is Reabsorption in the Kidneys? | This is the reabsorption of good molecules back into the blood stream. |
| What is Excretion in the Kidneys? | This is the excretion of foreign organic materials through urine. |
| What is the Circulatory System? | This is a closed system in the human body where red blood cells transport oxygen to carbon hydroxide and other waste products away from tissues. |
| What does the Circulatory System transport? | Oxygen and molecules like glucose and amino acids to all parts of the body. |
| What essential organs monitor and control the circulatory system? | The kindney and liver |
| Why is the double pump of the heart so important? | It enables all mammals to maintain and constant body temperature. |
| Why is the circulatory system an enclosed system? | Because the fluid enclosed in the vessel does not easily mi with bother body fluids. |
| What are the 3 composed elements in the Circulatory System? | The heart - a muscular pump. The blood vessels - a network of tubes that passes through the body. The blood - that circulates within these vessels |
| Where does the left side pump its blood too? | To all parts of the body |
| What does the blood travel through to get to all parts of the body? | It travels through arteries, smaller arterioles and veins. It also travels through capillaries where diffusion takes place. |
| What is the major structure of the respiratory system? | This is the lungs that hang freely |
| What are the lungs connected too? | The lungs are connected too the air tube or bronchus and blood vessels that surround them. |
| Where does the air enter the body from? | It enters through the nostrils and passed through an area lined with hair that filters the dust out of the air. It passes the back of the mouth and enters the larynx and trachea. It then goes to the bronchus and to the alveoli. |
| Is the respiratory system a double or one cycle pump? | It is a one cycle pump that pumps the air in and out of the lungs. |
| Why does the thoracic cavity need to be flexible in the respiratory system? | It needs to be flexible in order to fill the lungs with air but to also release waste air. |
| What protects the lungs? | The rib cage and the diaphragm |
| What happens to the rib cage and diaphragm during inhalation and exhalation? | During inhalation the rib cage moves upward and out ward and the diaphragm moves downward. During Exhalation the ribs and diaphragm return to there original resting position. |
| What is the Alveoli? | It is where the oxygen from the air taken in from the body is diffused. |
| What happens to the gasses that aren't taken to the Alveoli? | They are expelled during exhalation |
| How many alveoli are are in each lung? | 300million |
| Once the oxygen had diffused and has entered the blood stream what does it do? | It is transported to the location of the body that oxygen is needed. The oxygen is then released to be used during the process of cellular respiration. |
| What is each breath initiated by? | The respiratory control centre in the brain, which sends the nerve signals to the diaphragm and for deeper breathing |
| What does the Lymphatic system do? | It is able to gather fluid from the body and return to the veins through one way valves. |
| What is the Lymphatic system powered by? | This is powered by muscular contractions |
| What produces lymphatic fluid that flows through our body? | The spleen and the thymus |
| How many lymph nodes are in the human body? | Five to six hundred |
| Where are some lymph node clusters in the body? | The groin, the armpits and the neck. These highly concentrated areas are generally targeted by infections because lymphocytes are some type of white blood cell |
| What are lymph nodes made up of? | Lymphoid follicles, which are a dense collection of lymphocytes |
| What are the main organs of the lymphatic system? | The thymus and the bone marrow because they produce the majority of both T-Cells and B-Cells. The spleen is also an important organ because it produces antibodies and removes harmful bacteria. |
| What does the lymphatic system assist in transporting? | It assists with transporting fatty acids, fats and chyle from the digestive system to the tissues that require these in the body. |
| What does the Ednocrine system work in tandem with? | The Nervous System |
| What rate do signals from the endocrine system travel at? | The travel at a slow rate. |
| What ways does the Endocrine system use to communicate in the body? | It uses chemical messengers or her mores that travel through there circulatory system. |
| What does the Endocrine system target? | The hormones are able to target more specific cells and areas within the body because of the individual shape of the hormone itself. |
| What are the major glands in the human body connected to the endocrine system? | The pituitary gland that controls the thyroid and adrenal gland |
| What are the two party of the pituitary glands? | The posterior pituitary gland and the anterior pituitary gland. |
| What is the posterior pituitary gland in charge of? | In charge of releasing 2 hormones vasopressin and oxytocin |
| What is the anterior pituitary gland in charge of? | It is in charge of releasing 7 major hormones. |
| What does the thyroid gland do? | This gland produces two main hormones, Thyroxine which increases the metabolic rate and promotes growth and Calcitonin which stimulates calcium uptake. It also produces several other minor hormones. |
| What is the Parathyroid Gland? | They are 4 small gland attached to the thyroid. The parathyroid hormone regulates calcium in the blood stream and is essential because it regulates muscle contractions including cardiac muscle. |
| What is the Adrenal Medulla Gland release? | It releases epinephrine and norepinephrine at times of stress and stimulates a process that deploys a large amount of body fuel. |
| What is the Adrenal Cortex Gland stimulate? | It stimulates carbohydrate metabolism and acts to reduce inflammation |
| What does the Pancreas Gland do? | The pancreas gland produces insulin as well as a number of digestive enzymes. |