1. In vitro nucleic acid techniques, including recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the direct injection of nucleic acid into cells or organelles. 2. Fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic family, that overcomes natural physiological reproductive or recombination barriers and that are not techniques used in traditional breeding and selection.

What is the single definition for the term biotechnology developed by Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development?

The application of science and technology to living organisms as well parts, products and models thereof, to alter living or non-living materials for the production of knowledge, goods, and services.

Biotechnology is divided into two fields. What are these and what do they pertain to?

Red biotechnology and green biotechnology. Red signifies medicine while green relates to food.

A subdivision of biotechnology that uses enzymes and adopts natural processes such as fermentation to create industrial products, which was formerly made of chemicals.

White biotechnology/Industrial biotechnology

A subdivision of biotechnology that deals with marine biology.

Blue biotechnology

It is the dominion of males.

Heredity

It takes place as members of a species survive and pass their traits on to their offsprings.

Evolution

It carries a set of instructions for assembling and operating an organism and it records the organism's evolutionary history.

Genome

What does Eugenes mean?

Good in stock; hereditarily endowed with noble qualities.

What is Eugenics?

It is the study of the agencies under social control that may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations either physically or mentally.

Definition of Eugenics according to Francis Galton.

It is the improvement of humankind through selective breeding, sterilization, and other forms of intervention.

The practice of encouraging people possessing esteemed genetic traits to reproduce.

Positive eugenics

The practice of discouraging or forbidding (sometimes by force) those who possess undesirable traits from reproducing.

Negative eugenics

The era of modern biotechnology is believed to have started with the discovery of?

Microscope

According to Anton van Leeuwenhoek, how small is bacteria

Twenty-five times smaller than the blood cell

Basic structural and functional units of a living organisms.

Cells

It is considered as the heart of life.

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

What is the first antibiotic? It was used to treat what?

Moldy soybean curd. Skin infections.

What is the most significant development in the history of mankind?

Vaccine

A primitive type of vaccination in which people were purposely and mildly infected with smallpox to create immunity against future infections.

Variolation

It was the cornerstone of Pasteur's contribution to science.

Germ theory

What are the diseases that Pasteur found vaccines for?

Anthrax, cholera, and rabies

Louis Pasteur discovered the anthrax vaccine and bacteriologic agents for the diseases such as these three.

Diphtheria, typhoid, and yellow fever

Pasteur discovered that the ____________ of decaying matter allowed microorganisms to reproduce.

Fermentation

The first widely manufactured antibiotic which was developed from the mold of the Penicillium notatum.

Penicillin

This viral attack was one of the worst problems faced during the 20th century. The problem was caused by Poliomyelitis virus.

Polio

It is the virus that causes polio.

Poliomyelitis virus

Jonas Salk used this substance to kill or make the viral matter inactivate so that it would trigger an anti-body response without causing the disease.

Formaldehyde

The experiment for polio vaccination was termed as?

Double-blind test

The first experimental studies and the largest medical experiment in history is known as?

Francis Field Trial

How many percent had dropped within the first two years of the introduction of polio vaccine?

90%

A degenerative neurological condition caused by infectious protein particles known as “prions”, which slowly destroy the brain cells.

Mad Cow Disease

Mad Cow Disease can appear in human beings as ______, a fatal condition in which a person’s brain is infected by a virus like protein that destroys the tissues.

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

It was one of the largest international scientific research projects with the primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint.

Human Genome Project

Its goal was to determine the common patterns of DNA sequence variation in the human genome and to make this information freely available in the public domain.

International HapMap Project

It aimed to discover the sequence of variants that affect common diseases in order to facilitate development of diagnostic tools.

International HapMap Project

This project's initiative was to eradicate epidemics.

Influenza Genome Sequencing Project

In 1918, this disease killed 30 to 50 million people worldwide, this was estimated to be 2.5 to 5 percent of the planet’s population.

Spanish flu

This project was established because of Spanish flu

Influenza Genome Sequencing Project

Where can we find chromosomes?

Nucleus

Genetic materials are located in _____.

Chromosomes

What is chromosome?

Chromosomes are structures containing long sequences of dense, supercoiled DNA.

Gene

A molecular unit of heredity material of a living organism.

How many genes are estimated in a human DNA?

Around 80,000 to 100,000 genes

How long and wide is a DNA?

Around 1.6 metres and one fifth of a millionth of a centimetre wide.

How many pairs of chromosomes are present in a cell?

23 pairs

It carries the instructions for a protein construction site in the ribosome. Its molecules are copies of genes, which carry instructions and act as templates for protein synthesis.

Messenger RNA

It conveys an amino acid to the construction site as part of the translation process.

Transfer RNA

Proteins

Proteins are biologically important macromolecules that act as enzymes, hormones, signal receptors and play many other roles.

It is the cornerstone of all major research works in medical biotechnology.

Genomic research

It is one of the earliest forms of bio-processing. It has been used for thousands of years in process like brewing beer, making wine and for preparing bread and pickle foods.

Microbial fermentation

These are the bio molecular components which we use most often They are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions.

Enzymes

These are proteins that specifically attack the molecules that are foreign to the organism, such as infecting pathogens. These are also the main tools of the immune system.

Antibodies

It is a single species of antibody.

Monoclonal antibody

Specially constructed hybrid cell.

Hybridoma

A clone of identical antibodies. These antibodies are created specifically for a particular antigen or against a disease.

Monoclonal antibody

What is cell culture technology?

It the process of growing cells outside living organisms.

What is the first product of mammalian cell culture to hit the market that is an anti-clot drug developed to dissolve blood clots selectively?

Tissue Plasminogen Activator

What is plant cell culture?

It provides an environmentally sound and economically feasible option for obtaining naturally occurring products with therapeutic values. This can be used for production of medicinal and commercial plants.92 Plant cell culture is also an important source of compounds used as flavors, colors and aromas by the food-processing industry.

These stem cells could be transplanted into bone marrow to stimulate the generation of the various types of blood cells necessary to rejuvenate an immune system. These stem cells can be harvested in large quantities from umbilical cord blood, but they are difficult to isolate and purify.

Adult hematopoietic stem cells

It is a single species of antibody.

Monoclonal antibody

Monoclonal Antibodies

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A process of replanting the cells.

Sub-culturing

What do you call to the cycle of sub culturing?

Passage

It is produced when scientists add DNA to an organism’s genome to code it for a new trait or to alter an existing trait.

Recombinant DNA