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Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

Are ions (minerals) capable of carrying an electric charge

Electrolytes

Electrolytes are classifies as

Anions and cations

Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

Those electrolytes with a positive charge are, that move toward the cathode,

Cations

Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

While those with a negative charge are that move toward the anode.

Anions

Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

Are an essential component in numerous processes, including

Electrolytes

Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

Volume and osmotic regulation

Sodium [Na+], chloride [Cl−], potassium [K+]);

Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

Myocardial rhythm and contractility

K+, magnesium [Mg2+], calcium [Ca2+]);

Cofactors in enzyme activation

E.g., Mg2+, Ca2+, zinc [Zn2+]);

Regulation of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) ion pumps

(Mg2+)

Electrolytes responsible for acid–base balance

Bicarbonate [HCO3–], K+, Cl−);

Electrolytes for blood coagulation

Ca2+, Mg2+);

Neuromuscular excitability

K+, Ca2+, Mg2+);

Electrolytes for the production and use of ATP from glucose

Mg2+, phosphate PO4

The average water content of the human body varies from

40% to 75%

Analyte and flame emission spectrophotometry, color:

Potassium - violet Sodium - yellow Magnesium - blue Calcium -yellow

Water values is declining with

Age and especially with obesity

Women have lower average water content than do men as a result of a higher fat content

True

Solvent for all processes in the human body as it is responsible for transporting nutrients to cells, determining cell volume by its transport into and out of cells, removal of waste products by way of urine, and acting as the body's coolant by way of sweating.

Water

Water is located in

ICF and ECF

Accounts for about 2/3 of total body water

ICF

Accounts for the other 1/3 of total body water and can be subdivided

ECF

Normal plasma is about how many percent with the remaining volume occupied by lipids and proteins.

93%

Is a mechanism that requires energy to move ions across cellular membranes.

Active transport

Is the passive movement of ions (no energy consumed) across a membrane and depends on both the size and charge of the ion being transported, and on the nature of the membrane through which it is passing.

Diffusion

Rate of diffusion of various ions also may be altered by

Physiologic and hormonal process

Most biologic membranes are freely permeable

To water but not to ions or proteins

The concentration of ions and proteins on either side of the membrane will influence the flow of water across a membrane

Osmoregulator

Na+, In addition to the osmotic effects of other ions, proteins, and blood pressure influence the flow of water across a membrane.

True

Is a physical property of a solution that is based on the concentration of solutes (expressed as millimoles) per kilogram of solvent (w/w).

Osmolality

Osmolality is related to several changes in the properties of a solution relative to pure water, such as freezing point depression and vapor pressure (blank)

Decrease

Are the basis for routine measurements of osmolality in the laboratory.

Colligative property

Is important in mediating fluid intake

Thirst

The other means of controlling osmolality is by

Secretion of AVP

This hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and acts on the cells of the collecting ducts in the kidneys to increase water reabsorption

AVP

Water is conserved, the osmolality decreases is an example of

Negative Feedback loop

Parameter to which the hypothalamus responds

Osmolality in plasma

Causes a fourfold increase in the circulating concentration of AVP,

1% to 2% increase in osmolality

Shuts off AVP production.

1% to 2% decrease in osmolality

Increasing the reabsorption of water in the cortical and medullary collecting tubules but has a half-life in the circulation of only 15 to 20 minutes.

AVP

Is more important in controlling water excess

Renal water excretion

More important in preventing water deficit (dehydration)

Thirst

Increase intake of water

In polydipsia

How many L of water daily can be excreted

10 - 20

Usually occur only in patients with impaired renal excretion of water

Hypoosmolality and hyponatremia

An example of the effectiveness of thirst in preventing dehydration can be seen in patients

Diabetes insipidus

Adequate blood volume is essential to

Maintain blood pressure and ensure good perfusion to all tissues and organs

Decreased blood volume

Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone hormone system

Osmolality may be measured in

Serum / urine

Electrolytes provide the largest contribution to the osmolality value of serum.

Sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate

• There is almost no metabolic process that are not independent or affected by the Electrolytes

True

• It is tested because it can be diagnostically significant when it comes to

Identifying the cause of the disease.

The ideal anticoagulant for electrolytes, because it can mimic the normal body condition

Heparin

Best specimen for electrolytes

• Heparinized sample

Routinely used top tube in electrolytes

Red

The usual routine chemistry

FBS, Lipid profile, SGPT, SGOT, Creatinine, Uric Acid)

Electrolytes that are often requested

 Sodium Potassium and Chloride

• Total body water volume=

40 L, 60% body weight

Percent found in the ICF and in ECF

66% and 33%

• Intracellular fluid volume

25 L, 40% body weight (Inside the cell)

• Extracellular fluid volume

15 L, 20% body weight

(found in the spaces of organ)

 Interstitial fluid volume

Inside the blood vessels

 Plasma volume or Intravascular fluid

• Na from the latin word

Natrium

A silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group; occurs abundantly in natural compounds (especially in salt water); burns with a yellow flame and reacts violently in water; occurs in sea water and in the mineral halite (rock salt)

Sodium

• Major Cation (positively charged) of the Extracellular fluid

Sodium

• Most significant contributor of plasma osmolality

Sodium

 Responsible for almost ½ of the Osmotic strength of Plasma. Its role is maintaining the normal distribution of water and Osmotic pressure in the Extracellular fluid.

Sodium

 We intake sodium from the food and our normal diet contains

8 to 15 grams

Organ responsible for the regulation of Sodium

Kidneys

• Where sodium goes water follows. If water is being retained in the body, Sodium is also retained as well

True or false

Will also have an effect on Sodium levels

• Blood volume status

Help in maintaining Sodium levels either retain or excrete the Sodium.

Hormone regulators

Retains Sodium

Aldosterone Arginine Vasopressin

Substance found in the heart that has an effect on the Sodium levels, it will excrete sodium.

 Atrial Natriuretic Factor

Also a hormone regulator that can affect the Sodium but it is INDIRECT

 Antidiuretic hormone

Increased Sodium Loss Increased Water Retention Water Imbalance

Hyponatremia

-Excess Water Loss -Diabetes insipidus -Renal tubular disorder

Hypernatremia

Water is excreted sodium is also excreted

Diuretic use

Because of the dilutional effect

Increase water retention

Specimen for Sodium

• Serum, Plasma, Urine, sweat

Hemolysis does not greatly affect the specimen but marked hemolysis can cause decrease levels of Sodium due to dilutional effect

Sodium

A normal plasma osmolality is approximately

295 mmol/L,

60% to 75% of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in

Proximal tubule

One of the most common electrolyte disorders in hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients

Hyponatremia

May also be seen with in vitro hemolysis, considered the most common cause for a false decrease

Pseudohyponatremia

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