Ch 12 & 16 Study Guide Notes
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Ch 12 & 16 Study Guide Notes - Leaderboard
Ch 12 & 16 Study Guide Notes - Details
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What are the phases of menstruation cycle? | 1. Menstrual 2. Preovulatory 3. Postovulatory |
| What occurs during the menstrual phase? | *On days 1-5 of the cycle, the Endometrium sloughs off, accompanied by 1-2 ounces [30-60 mL] of blood loss. *Ther Anterior Pituitary Gland begins to release follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]; as the level of FSH increases, the egg matures within the graafian follicle [a pocket or envelope shaped structure where the ovaries prepare the ovum |
| What occurs during the Preovulatory phase? | *Days 6-13 Estrogen is released from the maturing graafian follicle. This Estrogen causes vascularization of the uterine lining. *On day 14, the Anterior Pituitary Gland releases luteinizing hormone [LH], which causes the rupture of the graafian follicle and release of the mature ovum. |
| What are the parts of the male and female reproductive system and function? | Male: Testes "testicles" Accessory Glands: *Seminal Vesicles *Prostate Gland *Cowper's Glands Female: Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, Uterus *The endometrium *The myometrium *The perimetrium |
| What occurs during the Postovulatory phase? | During days 15-28, the developing corpus luteum releases Estrogen and Progesterone |
| What happens when pregnancy occurs during the Postovulatory phase? what does it maintain? | The corpus luteum continues to release estrogen and progesterone to maintain the uterine lining until the placenta is formed, which then takes over the job of hormonal release |
| What do the finger like projections of the fallopian tubes [fimbriae] sweep during the Preovulatory phase? | The ovum into the fallopian tube |
| During the Preovulatory phase, what happens once the ovum matures and expels? | The follicle is transformed into a glandular mass called the Corpus Luteum |
| What happens if pregnancy does not occur during the Postovulatory phase? | The corpus luteum lasts 8 days and then disintegrates *Normally corpus luteum shrinks and is replaced by scar tissue called corpus albicans. At this point, the hormone level decreases over several days and menstruation starts again |
| What age does menstruation begin? | "Menarche", the 1st menstrual cycle usually begins at approx 12 yrs of age. Each month, for the next 30-40 yrs, an Ovum matures and is release about 14 days before the next menstrual flow, which occurs on average every 28 days |
| If fertilization occurs, mentrual cycling subsides and the | Body adapts to the developing fetus |
| What are the layers of the Uterus in the female system? | *Endometrium *Myometrium *Perimetrium |
| What are the male accessory glands? | *Seminal Vesicles *Prostate Gland *Cowper's Glands |
| For some people, the inward sense of sexual identity does not match their biologi body. These people are known as | Transgendered *Researchers do not clearly understand how this mismatch occurs. Transgendered ppl do not see their sexual identity as a choice; it is a clear and persistent orientation dating back to early childhood |
| Most often a heterosexual man who periodically dresses like a woman, however, may be a homosexual | Transvestite *Cross dressing usually is done in private and kept secret from those closest to him |
| What is sexuality linked to? | Every aspect of living, any sexual choice involves personal, family, cultural, religious and social standards of conduct |
| What are important examinations for women? | Pap and human papilloma virus (HPV) tests. ... Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) tests. ... Pregnancy test. ... Mammogram. ... Skin check. ... Colonoscopy. ... Bone density test. ... Hearing test. |
| What are Endoscopic procedures for visualization of pelvic organs? *Endoscopic: is a procedure used in medicine to look inside the body. The endoscopy procedure uses an endoscope to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body. | *Colposcopy; Visualization of vagina and cervix under low power magnification *Culdoscopy; Insertion of a culdoscope through posterior vaginal vault into Douglas's cul-de-sac for visualization of fallopian tubes and ovaries *Laparoscopy; Insertion of a laparoscope with patient under general anesthesia through small incision in abdominal wall inferior margin of umbilicus then insufflation of abdomen with carbon dioxide permits visualization of all pelvic organs |
| What can douching or having intercourse within 24 hrs of a Colposcopy exam do? | May mask abnormal cells and reduce the specimens available for collection. Prepare pt and explain procedure |
| What do you encourage pt to do before a Colposcopy? | Void or have a bowel movement *A speculum is inserted into the vagina, may be swabbed with an iodine or vinegar solution to remove surface mucus to improve visualization |
| What is a Colposcope? | A microscope adapted to visualize the vaginal walls and cervix |
| Procedure usually not performed during menstruation and tissue color, presence of growths and lesions and vascular condition are | Observed and specimens obtained as necessary |
| A diagnostic procedure that provides visualization of uterus and uterine appendages [ovaries, and fallopian tubes], pt given local spinal or general anesthetic *Areas examined are; tumors, cysts, and endometriosis | Culdoscopy *Pt will be assisted in knee chest position |
| During a Culdoscopy, conization which is a | Removal of eroded or infected tissue may be done, generally is performed on an outpatient basis. After operation, you assess for bleeding vital signs and monitor voiding |
| Examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope inserted through small incision beneath the umbilicus. Provides direct visualization of the uterus and its appendages | Laparoscopy *Preparation includes insertion of a foley catheter to maintain bladder decompression for an open view and done with general anesthesia |
| Carbon dioxide may be introduced during a Laparoscopy to | Distend the abdomen for easier visualization. If biopsy is to be done or organs are to be manipulated, a 2nd incision may be made in the lower abdomen to allow for instrument insertion |
| What are the ovaries and fallopian tubes observed for during a Laparoscopy? | Masses, Ectopic pregnancy, Adhesions, and Pelvic Inflammatory PID *Tubal ligations may be done using this procedure *Instruct pt of shoulder pain afterward because of carbon dioxide introduced into abdomen |
| A simple way to detect cervical cancer in women. Speculum is used to widen the vagina allowing access to the cervix. Exfoliate and peeling and sloughed off tissue or cells are collected from the cervix stained and examined | Papanicolaou test [Pap Smear] *traditional paps, cells are spread on a glass slide and then sprayed with a fixative and sent to the lab for analysis *In newer paps, such as sure path and thinprep, specimens are obtained and then rinsed in a liquid solution |
| Which pap smear is said to being more effective in the diagnosis of cancer? | Newer paps such as Thinprep and Sure path tests |
| How should the specimens for pap smears be labeled? | Date, time of last menstrual period, and whether the woman is taking estrogen or birth control pills *Instruct pt to not douche use tampons or vaginal meds or intercourse for at least 24 hrs before the examination |
| What does the American Cancer Society highly recommend? | Every woman begin annual pap tests within 3 yrs of becoming sexually active or no later than 21 yrs of age |
| How often should women be tested for pap smears? | Every year for regular pap smears, or every 3 yrs for thinprep pap test *Women age 30 or older may choose to have pap screening every 3 yrs or if combined with HPV screening every 5 yrs instead of annually |
| Women age 65 or older who have had screening over the past 10 yrs with normal findings may decide to stop having | Cervical screenings |
| Women who have had a hysterectomy may stop having | Cervical cancer screenings unless their surgery was done as a treatment for cervical cancer or precancerous cells |
| Why may the provider recommend more frequent testing for some women? | If they have history of multiple sexual partners or sexually transmitted infections STI's, a family history of cervical cancer or those whose mothers used diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy |
| Why is the Bethesda system preferred? | Allows better communication between the cytologist and the clinician. This system evaluates the adequacy of the same and provides a general classification of normal or abnormal findings and a descriptive diagnosis of the pap smear |
| Pap tests have long been used to look for what? | Cervical cancer and precancerous cells |
| Nearly all cases of cervical cancer can be attributed to | High risk types of HPV |
| What is a breast biopsy performed for? | Differentiate between benign or malignant conditions of the breast *Breast biopsy is indicated for pts with palpable masses; suspicious areas appearing on mammography and persistent encrusted purulent inflamed or sanguineous discharge from the nipples |
| Biopsy may be performed by | * Fine needle aspiration * Stereotactic or ultrasound guided core needle biopsy * Open surgical biopsy |
| What must be advised to patients with stereotactic or ultrasound guided core biopsy? | Stop aspirin or blood thinning products and to avoid talcum powder and deodorant the day of the procedure |
| What is a cervical biopsy done to evaluate? | Cervical lesions and to diagnose cervical cancer. *Generally done without anesthesia and area is packed with gauze or a tampon to check the blood flow |
| Performed to collect tissue for diagnosis of endometrial cancer and analysis for infertility studies. Generally performed at the time of menstruation when cervix is dilated and cells are obtained more easily | Endometrial biopsy *Cervix is anesthetized locally, a curette is inserted, and tissue is obtained from selected sites of the endometrium |
| What is a curette? | Spoon shaped instrument used to obtain samples from the wall of a cavity *used in endometrial biopsy |