Chapter 6
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Society | A nation, community, or broad group of people who establish particular aims, beliefs, or standards of living & conduct |
| Culture | Set of learned values, beliefs, customs, and practices that are shared by a group and are passed from one generation to another |
| Subculture | Shares many characteristics patterns of behavior and ideals that distinguish it from the rest of a cultural group |
| Stereotype | A generalized expectation about forms of behavior, an individual or a group |
| Ethnocentrism | Believe that the beliefs and practices of their particular culture are best |
| Cultural competence | The awareness of one's own cultural beliefs and practices and their relation to those of others, which may be different |
| Transcultural nursing | Variables and integrating an understanding into all aspects of nursing care |
| Race | A group of people who share biologic physical characteristics |
| Ethnicity | Refers to a group of people who share a common social and cultural heritage based on shared traditions, national origin, and physical and biologic characteristics |
| Ethnic stereotype | A fixed concept of how all members of an ethnic group act or think |
| Biomedical health belief system | A belief that health and illness are controlled by a series of physical and biochemical processes that can be analyzed and manipulated by humans. |
| What is the primary health belief in United States? | The biomedical health belief system |
| Treatment focuses on what in the biomedical health belief system? | The use of physical and chemical interventions |
| Biomedical health belief system believe health is | The absence of disease or signs and symptoms of disease |
| In biomedical health belief system what is disease? | An alteration of the structure & function of the body; has a specific cause, onset, course, & treatment. Caused by trauma, pathogens, chemical imbalances, or failure of body parts |
| Folk health belief system | Commonly referred to as "third-world" beliefs & practices; often called strange or weird by nurses & other health professionals who are unfamiliar with this system |
| Folk health belief system; illness & disease | Classifies it as natural or unnatural, "God's Plan" |
| Folk health belief system; Treatment | Done by carrying out rituals or repentance or giving in to the supernatural force's wishes |
| Holistic Health Belief System | Religious experiences are based on cultural beliefs and may include such things as blessings from spiritual leaders, apparitions of dead relatives & even miracle cures |
| Holistic health belief system; what does religion dictate? | Social, moral, and dietary practices designed to assist an individual in maintaining a healthy balance and in playing a vital role in illness prevention (ex; burning candle, rituals of redemption, & prayer) |
| Circumcision aslo is view as a religious practice in which health belief system? | Holistic health belief system |
| In the holistic health belief system annoying the sick may be? | Seen as preparation for death & also may be performed as the hope of a miracle |
| Holistic Health Belief System; Treatment | Designed to restore balance with physical, social, & metaphysical worlds. May extend beyond treating the person to treating the environment to decrease pollution or prevent hunger, homelessness, etc |
| What are the first steps in giving holistic care to patients? | Understanding cultural practice variables & acceptance of each person as an individual |
| All members of a culture group do not | Exhibit the same behaviors |
| Examples of individual differences in a cultural group | Age, interaction between younger & older generations, degrees to which values in current country are adopted, language, gender identity/roles, location of country origin/current residence, religion, socioeconomic background |
| When is culture learned? | Beginning of birth |
| Accepted traditional customs, moral attitudes, or manners of a particular social group | Culture morals |
| In care of patients from many different cultures what is important for a nurse to develop? | Cultural competence |
| What should the nurse do to care for a patient from a different culture? | Assess the patient's beliefs |
| What alternative methods of communication should be used for patients who don't speak English? | Foreign language phrase book, an interpreter, gestures, or pictures |
| What is a strategy for communication with patients from different cultures? | Learn key phrases in languages that are commonly spoken in your community |
| When communicating what do Italian people use a lot of? | Hand gestures;"thumbs up" may mean something different than "good job" |
| Japanese American culture | Places emphasis on promptness & the adherence to fixed schedules especially when meeting with a person with high regards |
| American Muslim; Dietary habits | Refusing pork, many do not eat foods traditional in black cultures such as cornbread & collard greens |
| Another name for Pentecostal | Assemblies of God |
| Assemblies Of God; Other practices | Faith in God & health care providers is encouraged; members sometimes "speak in tongues" during prayer |
| Baptist | More than 27 different groups in the United States |
| Christian Science; Birth | Physician or nurse mid-wife is present during childbirth |
| Christian Science; Other practices | Do not seek medical care, decline drugs & in general, other medical or surgical procedures, no vaccines but obey legal requirements, obey public health quarantines. |
| When caring for a patient with the belief of Christian Science | Allow & encourage time for a prayer & study, they may request that a practitioner with same belief be notified to come |
| Mormons; Baptism | If a child over 8 is very ill, baptized or not, call member of the church's priesthood |
| Mormons; Dietary habits | Practice abstinence from tobacco, caffeinated drinks such as cola, coffee, tea & alcohol; Eat meat but encourage the intake of fruits, grains, & herbs |
| Eastern Orthodox; Anointing The Sick | The priest conducts this in the hospital room |
| Eastern Orthodox; Birth | The infant must be baptized within 40 days after birth |
| Eastern Orthodox; Dietary Habits | Fasting from meat & dairy products is required on Wednesday & Fridays during Lent & other holy days |
| Which religious belief believes that Christmas is celebrated on January 7th & New Year's on January 14th? | Eastern Orthodox |
| Islam; birth | The father (mother if no father) whispers the call to prayer in the child's ears so that the first sounds heard are about the Muslim faith |
| Islam; death | Family members ask to be present so they can read the Koran & pray with patient; prefer that the family wash, prepare & place body in position facing Mecca; Cremation is forbidden & autopsy prohibited except legal reasons, & no body parts removed |
| Belief that people do not own their own bodies | Islam belief |
| Islam; Dietary habits | No pork, no alcohol, permissible meat must be blessed & killed in a special way called zabihah; daytime fasting during Ramadan |
| Jehovah's Witness believe | No blood transfusions, patients will accept alternative; prepared to die rather than break God's law, you need to be sensitive to the spiritual as well as the physical need of the patient |
| Judaism(Observant Jews); Birth | Babies are named by the father, Male children are named 8 days after birth when circumcision is done; female babies are usually named during the reading of the holy Torah |
| Judaism defines death as | Occurring when respiration & circulation are irreversibly stopped & no movement is apparent; Euthanasia is strictly forbidden |
| In Judaism when death occurs what happens with the body? | It remains untouched for 8 to 30 minutes; requires to be buried within 24 hours no flowers |
| Judaism; Dietary habits | Kosher dietary laws: no mixing meat & milk at a meal, use separate cooking utensils for meat & milk products, dairy food served first meat later, 24 hour fast is required during day of atonement |
| Seventh Day Adventist | No infant baptism is practiced |
| Seventh Day Adventist;Death | No special procedure are required |
| Seventh Day Adventist; Dietary Habits | No alcohol, tobacco, coffee, tea, & careless use of drugs; some are vegetarians & don't eat pork |
| What alternative health services aroused attention in the traditional medical community? | Folk remedies, holistic therapies, & spiritual interventions |
| Alternative or complementary belief system | Nonmusical forms of therapy to treat an illness; acupuncture, aromatic therapy, meditation, therapeutic touch. Mind & body are seen as a whole unit |
| What belief system is Chinese Americans influenced by? | Holistic belief system, accept biomedical interventions for illness |
| Chinese Americans; language | Continue to speak native language after many years in US, as honoring ancestors & native country. English is hard because there is no common basis in the language |
| American Indians | Concepts focus on the need for the individual to be in harmony with the surrounding environment & family; health & religion cannot be separated |
| American Indian; Language | Involves tonal speech in which is of great importance |
| Black African Americans | Women are primary decision makers in family; head of household |
| Chinese Americans; Communication | Eye contact is considered disrespectful, uncomfortable when face to face, touching is not usual in convo; impolite, same sex in public touching okay opposite not okay |
| Mexican Birth Rites | Inappropriate for husband to be there, cannot see wife or baby until they are cleaned & dressed; female family members ask to be present during delivery |
| Black African Americans Cultural beliefs | Celebrations are rites revolve around food and feasting on traditional dishes "soul food"; collard greens, other leafy & yellow vegetables, beans, rice & potatoes are high in nutrition value. Let tends to be low in fiber, calcium, & potassium & high in fat |