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A scandal in which a group of people originally from the Union Pacific Railroad hired themselves to work at another railroad company of their own with drastically higher wages than the average railroad worker. In which they bribed many congressman and other public officials to keep the issue private.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

A panic that started nationwide as a result of one of America’s largest banks declaring for bankruptcy and many businesses and banks collapsing as a result.

Panic of 1873

A time period in which growth in both industry and technology was present until the early 1900s.

Gilded Age

A deal that was unwritten that settled the issues regarding the 1876 election, putting it to an end by giving Rutherford B. Hayes the president role.

Compromise of 1877

An act in which it granted equal treatment of African American people in public places, as well as made them able to be selected to be part of a jury.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

A synonym that is commonly coined with racial segregation in the south. Series of laws that were coined under the “Jim Crow” name segregated white and African Americans from the 1870s all the way to the 1960s.

Jim Crow

A court case that coined that as long as African Americans had “separate but equal” facilities, that the entirety of the Jim Crow laws would not violate the Fourteenth Amendment.

Plessy v. Ferguson

An act where Chinese immigrants were prohibited from immigrating into the United States for a ten year period which made other Chinese immigrants already inside the United States unable to be naturalized (or declared as a citizen in the United States).

Chinese Exclusion Act

This act puts into stone rules that state that if someone wants a federal job, that you would need to pass a federal exam. Also put a rule that stated that people can’t be demoted federally based on political stance.

Pendleton Act

A violent dispute between the workers of Carnegie Steel Company and Carnegie himself over wages and them being potentially decreased.

Homestead Strike

A nationwide railroad strike against the Pullman factory located in Chicago, IL. This strike lead to nationwide attention regarding giving the workers more favorable work conditions compared to the poor conditions they were currently working in.

Pullman Strike

An exemption to a rule in which the old rule may stay in place despite a new rule being put in for future cases.

Grandfather clause

Also known as a “Head Tax”, is a tax that applies to every adult in the United States, and is not a direct reference to resources or income.

Poll tax

19th President, whom oversaw the end of reconstruction and led civil service reforms

Rutherford B. Hayes

20th president, assassinated less then 4 months into presidency

James A. Garfield

21st president, embraced Civil Service Reform and emphasized enforcement of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

Chester Arthur

22nd (later 24th ) president. Was praised for honesty, integrity, and classical liberalism ideals. Fought corruption heavily

Grover Cleveland

Former Secretary of State, wanted to back US currency with silver

William Jennings Bryan

Large financer in railroads, steel, electric, and overall owned a lot of businesses

J. Pierpont Morgan

Railroads commissioned by the government to sprawl across the country

Transcontinental railroads

Made production of iron and steel products much easier

Bessemer Process

One of the more prominent Steel companies that started in Pittsburg

U.S. Steel

Wabash found guilty of violating an Illinois statute prohibiting discrimination in rates to employees

Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois

Law for regulation of Railroad industry and its potential for a monopoly

Interstate Commerce Act

Practice of Adnrew Carnegie of controlling every industrial step to create efficiency and limit competition

Vertical integration

Creating of a monopoly by combining different aspects of industry to limit competition

Horizontal integration

A group of businesses that work together to be one large entity. Mostly involved with the steel and oil industries, trusts were basically mega monopolies.

Trust

A major oil company owned by John D. Rockefeller. It was so strong with its great prices that it absorbed or put out of business other oil companies.

Standard Oil Company

An idea by Herbert Spencer that society progresses through the survival of the fittest. It is similar to Charles Darwin’s idea of natural selection, where the strongest creatures are the ones to survive.

Social Darwinism

A government act passed in 1890 that made business trusts illegal as well as practices where businesses worked together instead of competing.

Sherman Antitrust Act

An essay by Andrew Carnegie where he argued that it’s acceptable to make a lot of money but that you must use it wisely by not living extravagantly and by helping the less fortunate.

Gospel of Wealth

One of the first major labor unions in the United States. It helped lay the foundation for future labor unions and tried to help bring reform.

National Labor Union

A major labor union in America. It tried to create a “universal brotherhood” by gaining rights for all workers without discrimination.

Knights of Labor

In Chicago in 1886, anarchists set off a bomb during a labor demonstration that killed police and workers. This negatively affected labor unions.

Haymarket Square bombing

The AFL was a major labor organization created by Samuel Gompers that organized craft unions to ask employers directly to try to obtain better benefits for skilled workers.

American Federation of Labor

An American businessman who created an empire in the railroad industry. He owned a large portion of the nation’s railroads and was known to be ruthless and competitive.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

An American inventor who developed the telephone which became very popular throughout the nation.

Alexander Graham Bell

An American inventor who developed revolutionary products like the lightbulb and phonograph.

Thomas Alva Edison

An American businessman who built an empire in the steel industry. Starting from humble beginnings, he was a self-made man. His mill was the one in the Homestead Strike of 1892.

Andrew Carnegie

Founder of the Standard Oil company who came from a modest background

John D. Rockefeller

Was known for being the founder of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) through this he assembled strikes to change the horrifying conditions of workers

Samuel Gompers

Was a Hunkpapa Lakota leader that encouraged the resistance against the US. He lead the Sioux warriors who destroyed General George Armstrong Custers force (Little Bighorn Battle)

Sitting Bull

Was a United States Army officer and calvery commander in the wars against Native Americans over control of the Great Plains. He led his men in the Battle of Little Bighorn but were quickly outnumbered by the number of Native Americans that were fighting.

George A. Custer

Was the leader of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce tribe and is known for leading his people on an epic flight across the Rocky Mountains. In the end though he still had to surrender and was transported back to the Great Plains.

Chief Joseph

Was a prominent leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendahe Apache people who was fearless against the Mexicans and Americans who attempted to remove his people from their tribal lands (shot over 50 times but still advanced)

Geronimo

Was an American historian during the early 20th century that was based at the University of Wisconsin then at Harvard. He was known for his frontier thesis and training many PhDs that became applauded historians later on (called Father of the Frontier)

Frederick Jackson Turner

25th president of the US who made his Republican party dominant in mostly industrialist states and was assassinated due to a bullet wound inflicted by Leon Czolgosz

William McKinley

Was a Hungarian-American politician and newspaper publisher who was also known for the Pulitzer Prizes and are given to the rewarded excellence in writing, music, and some of the arts.

Joseph Pulitzer

Was an American businessman, newspaper publisher, and politician who influenced American journalism through building the nation’s largest newspaper chain (Hearst Communications)

William Randolph Hearst

Landscape architect, journalist, social critic, and public administrator. He is also considered to be the father of landscape architecture in the US specifically for New York, the US Capitol, Biltmore Estate, and the 1893 World’s Columbia Exposition

Frederick Law Olmstead

Were a series of conflicts between the US and various groups of the Sioux people and was ended mostly by US delegates.

Sioux Wars

Was a tribe led by Chief Joseph that was a very powerful resistance group and in the end surrendered when trying to escape to Canada

Nez Percé

Tribe led by Geronimo because of his few remaining followers who were later evacuated and held as prisoners (also had a lot of conflicts w/US)

Apache

The Ghost Dance was a ceremony incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems.

Ghost Dance

The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as the Battle of Wounded Knee, was a massacre of nearly three hundred Lakota people by soldiers of the United States Army.

Battle of Wounded Knee

The Dawes Act of 1887 regulated land rights on tribal territories within the United States.

Dawes Severalty Act

Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument preserves the site of the June 25 and 26, 1876, Battle of the Little Bighorn, near Crow Agency, Montana, in the United States.

Little Big Horn

The Indian reservation system was created to keep Native Americans off of lands that European Americans wished to settle. The reservation system allowed indigenous people to govern themselves and to maintain some of their cultural and social traditions.

Reservation system

The Comstock Lode is a lode of silver ore located under the eastern slope of Mount Davidson, a peak in the Virginia Range in Virginia City, Nevada, which was the first major discovery of silver ore in the United States and named after American miner Henry Comstock.

Comstock Lode

The Homestead Acts were several laws in the United States by which an applicant could acquire ownership of government land or the public domain, typically called a homestead.

Homestead Act

The Grange, officially named The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, is a social organization in the United States that encourages families to band together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture.

National Grange

The Granger laws were state laws passed in the late 1860s and early 1870s regulating the fees grain elevator companies and railroads charged farmers to store and transport their crops. Granger laws were enacted in the states of Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois.

Granger laws

Farmers' Alliance, an American agrarian movement during the 1870s and '80s that sought to improve the economic conditions for farmers through the creation of cooperatives and political advocacy. The movement was made up of numerous local organizations that coalesced into three large groupings.

Farmers' Alliance

The People's Party, also known as the Populist Party or simply the Populists, was a left-wing agrarian populist political party in the United States in the late 19th century.

Populist (People's) Party

The Pullman Strike was two interrelated strikes in 1894 that shaped national labor policy in the United States during a period of deep economic depression.

Pullman Strike

The Fourth Party System is the term used in political science and history for the period in American political history from about 1896 to 1932 that was dominated by the Republican Party, except the 1912 split in which Democrats captured the White House and held it for eight years.

Fourth party system

The Gold Standard Act was an Act of the United States Congress, signed by President William McKinley and effective on March 14, 1900, defining the United States dollar by gold weight and requiring the United States Treasury to redeem, on demand and in gold coin only, paper currency the Act specified.

Gold Standard Act

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