Exploring Creation with Physics
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Displacement | The change in an object’s position. |
Vector quantity | A physical measurement that contains directional information. |
Scalar quantity | A physical measurement that does not contain directional information. |
Velocity | The time rate of change of an object’s position. |
Speed | The time rate of change of the distance traveled by an object. |
Speed equation | Speed= the change in distance divided by the change in time. |
Velocity tells______ ________ __ ________ ________ __ ______. | How quickly an object’s position is changing |
V=(delta)x/(delta)t -Where “v” represents velocity, “x” represents position, and “t” represents time. “Delta” means “change in...” | Velocity equation |
Instantaneous velocity | The velocity of an object at one moment in time. |
Average velocity | The velocity of an object over an extended period of time. |
Acceleration | The time rate of change of an object’s velocity |
The area under a velocity-versus-time line | Displacement |
2 conditions that must be met in order to use equations for one dimensional motion | 1. Acceleration must be constant. 2. Motion must be in one direction. |
9.8m/sec^2 | The acceleration of objects near the surface of the earth while in *free fall*. |
Reaction time | The time it takes for a person to react to something. |
As velocity increases,... | *air resistance* also increases |
The more that air resistance affects an object,... | The smaller its terminal velocity will be. |
The weight, shape, and orientation of an object affect | Terminal velocity |
Free fall | The motion of an object when it is falling solely under the influence of gravity. |
Terminal Velocity | The velocity a falling object has when, due to air resistance, its acceleration is reduced to zero. This is the maximum velocity a falling object subject to air resistance can achieve. |
Arrows represent | Two-dimensional vectors |
The length of the arrow represents | The magnitude |
Magnitude | Tells “how much” |
Rule 3.1 (Arrows) | Arrows represent two-dimensional vectors. The length of the arrow is the magnitude of the vector while the arrow points out the direction. |
Formula used to calculate the arrow’s length (magnitude) | Magnitude =√(Xmiles)^2+(Ymiles)^2 |
Formula used to calculate direction | Tan (⦵) = opposite side ÷ adjacent side |
Equation used to calculate the angle | ⦵= tan^-1 (y/x) |
Rule 3.2 (adding vectors) | When adding vectors graphically, take the tail of the second vector and place it at the head of the first vector. The vector that then completes the triangle by starting at the tail of the first and pointing to the head of the second represents the sum of the two vectors. |
Two-dimensional motion | Motion that occurs in a plane |
Two-dimensional motion | Motion that occurs in a plane |
Equation used to calculate a vector’s magnitude | Magnitude of A =√Ax²+Ay² |
Equation used to calculate the direction of a vector | ⊖=tan⁻¹(Ay/Ax) |
The Newton | The SI unit of force and weight (weight is a force) defined as kgm/sec^2 |
Dyne | Unit of force used for smaller objects and forces, defined as g x cm/sec^2 |
Weight equation | W=mg |
Pound | English unit of force, defined as slug ft/sec^2 |
f=µFn, where f = magnitude of friction, Fn = the normal force, and µ = the coefficient of friction. | An equation for the Frictional Force |
Friction | A force that opposes motion, resulting from the contact of two surfaces. |
Newton's first law (The Law of Inertia) | An object in motion (or at rest) will tend to stay in motion (or at rest) until it is acted upon by an outside force. |
Newton's Second Law | When an object is acted on by one or more outside forces, the vector sum of those forces is equal to the mass of the object times the resulting acceleration vector. |
Normal Force | A force that results from the contact of two bodies and is perpendicular to the surface of contact. |
Kinetic friction | Friction that opposes motion once the motion has already started. |
Static friction | Friction that opposes the initiation of motion. |
Slug | Standard English unit for mass |
Mass | A scalar quantity that measures matter |
Weight | A vector quantity that measures the gravitational pull on an object |
2 things that affect the strength of the frictional force between an object and a surface | (1) The nature of the object and the surface, and (2) the normal force that the surface exerts on the object. |
Translational Equilibrium | An object is said to be in translational equilibrium when the sum of the forces acting on it is equal to zero. |
Static equilibrium | When an object is at rest, it is said to be in static equilibrium. |
Dynamic equilibrium | When an object moves with a constant velocity, it is said to be in dynamic equilibrium. |
Tension | The force from a tight string, rope, or chain. This force is directed away from the object to which the string, rope, or chain is anchored. |
Translational motion | Motion from one point to another which does not involve repeatedly passing the same point in space. |
Rotational motion | Motion around a central axis such that an object could repeatedly pass the same point in space relative to that axis. |
Lever arm | The length of an imaginary line drawn from the axis of rotation to the point at which the force is being applied. |
Torque | The tendency of a force to cause rotational acceleration. The magnitude of the torque is equal to the length of the lever arm times the component of the force that is applied perpendicular to it. |
Rotational equilibrium | The state in which the sum of the torques acting on an object is zero. |
Rule 6.1 (Magnitude of translational acceleration and rotational acceleration) | The magnitude of the forces applied to an object determines the amount of translational acceleration that will occur. The amount of torque applied to an object determines the amount of rotational acceleration that will occur. |
When do you ignore an object's weight? | When dealing with rotational equilibrium, always ignore the weight of the object that is rotating. |
Rule 6.2 (torques: positive or negative?) | Torques that cause clockwise motion are considered negative torques, while torques that cause counterclockwise motion are considered positive torques. |
SI Unit for torque | Newton x meter |
Centripetal Force | The force necessary to make an object move in a circle. It is directed towards the centre of the circle. |
Centripetal Acceleration | The acceleration caused by centripetal force. |
Gravity | The attractive force that exists between all objects which have mass. |
Period (T) | The time it takes for an object in uniform circular motion to travel through one complete circle. |
Frequency (f) | The number of times per second an object in uniform circular motion travels around the circle. |
Rotational Equilibrium | The state in which the sum of the torques acting on an object is zero. |
Acceleration of objects in uniform circular motion | Objects in uniform circular motion have a non-zero acceleration, because direction changes, which means that velocity changes, and acceleration is the time rate of change of an object's velocity. |
Directions of the velocity and acceleration in uniform circular motion. | When an object is in uniform circular motion, the velocity is always tangent to the circle in which the object is traveling. The acceleration, however, is always directed into the circle, along the radius. |
Force and torque in uniform circular motion | In uniform circular motion, there is a force parallel to the lever arm. This means that there is a force directed towards the centre of the circle in which the object moves. Because the force is parallel to the lever arm, there is no net torque, because torque requires a force perpendicular to the lever arm. |
Rotational equilibrium in uniform circular motion | Since the sum of the torques in uniform circular motion is zero, the object in motion will be in rotational equilibrium. |
Centripetal force in uniform circular motion | The centripetal force is directed toward the centre of the circle in which the object moves, and is necessary for any kind of circular motion. |
Centripetal Force | The force that is necessary for any kind of circular motion |
Centrifugal force | Isn't a real force at all. Don't confuse it with centripetal force. |
Hertz (Hz) | 1/sec |
The Law of Universal Gravitation | Fg = Gm1m2/r^2 |
Hertz (Hz) | 1/sec |
The Law of Universal Gravitation | Fg = Gm1m2÷r^2 |
Universal Gravitational Constant | 6.67 × 10^-11 Newton meters^2÷kg^2 |
Energy | The ability to do work. |
Work | The product of the displacement of an object and the component of the applied force that is parallel to the displacement. |
Potential Energy | Energy that is stored, ready to do work. |
Kinetic Energy | Energy in motion |
The First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form. |
Mechanical Energy | Energy associated with the movement (or potential movement) of objects. |
Chemical Energy | Energy associated with the chemical bonds of a molecule |