Different variations of the same gene trait represented as uppercase and lowercase letters; genotypes consist of two allele letters, one comes from and one from dad

Dominant alleles have ______ letters

Uppercase

Recessive alleles have ______ letters

Lowercase

Phenotype

How the genotype is physically expressed; the physical appearance

True breeding means _______

An organism’s offspring will look like the parent due to its homozygous purebred

Law of Segregation

Alleles separate during the formation of sex cell gametes

The Punnett Square

Predicts outcome probability of genetic crosses

Genotypic ratio:

Dominant traits are displayed first, then recessive traits

Phentypic ratio:

Description of trait

Dihybrid cross

When two genes mix on the punnett square

The Punnet Square is usually:

Accurate

Recessive genes are less likely to be:

Expressed

Dominant genes are more likely to be:

Expressed

On the punnet square recessive genes can be written _____ the dominant gene

Before

Law of Independent Assortment ---

Genes can separate during the formation of sex cells gametes and do not have to be linked or inherited together

Codominance -

Both alleles are qually as dominatn so both are expressed side by side at the same time in a third phenotype

In codominance, the traits will be written as ____ letters with ____ letters side byside

Captialized, different

Incomplete Dominance -

When one allele is not competely dominant over another resulting in a third mixed phenotype

The heterozygous phenotype is a _______ between the two homozygous phenotypes

Blended mix

Multiple alleles -

Genes with more than two alleles resulting in more than just two phenotypes

Polygenic Traits ---

Traits controlled by two or more genes resulting in many phenotypes

Sex chromosomes ---

The sex of an individual depends on the presence or absence of a Y chromosome. A male’s sex genotype is XY while a female’s is XX.

Autosomes ---

Every other chromosome in your body besides the sex chromosomes

X-linked traits ---

Only located on the “X” sex chromosome

Carrier ---

A heterozygous individual carrying a hidden recessive trait who therefore remains unaffected by that trait

Positive (+) and negative (-) blood type is not determined by _____

Multiple alleles

Pedigre ---

Race a family’s genotypes and phenotypes and therefore autosomal or X-linked traits

Pedigree Key circle is:

Female

Pedigree Key square is:

Male

Pedigree Key shaded part means:

Expressed trait

Pedigree Key half-shaded means:

Carrier

Pedigree Key crossed out means:

Deceased

First, an Unknown Pedigree Trait can be figured out by:

Identifying if the trait is dominant or recessive

Second, an Unknown Pedigree Trait can be figured out by:

Identify whether the trait is Autosomal or X-linked

Male chromosome =

Female chromosome =

Karyotypes ---

Diagrams used to diagnose chromosomal disorders in humans who should normally have no more and no less than 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs

Gel Electrophoresis ---

Allows scientists to compare & identify an individual’s DNA pattern

Genetic Engineering ---

Manipulating the genetic material of living organisms

DNA Transformation ---

When a strand of DNA transforms because it has acquired and incorporated pieces of foreign DNA

Plasmids ---

Extra circular DNA in bacteria, that’s separate from its main DNA chromosome, because it contains genes that are only expressed under special conditions

Recombinant DNA

Combining a DNA plasmid from a bacterium with a gene of interest from a different organism, to copy that gene, and produce the protein associated with it, so it can be inserted into an organism for engineering purposes.

The downsyndrome chromosome is identified when:

The 21st chromosome has 3 chromosomes

On a karyotype chart, sex can be determined by looking at the:

23rd chromosome

The first organism cloned was a:

Sheep

What era/year was the first organism cloned in:

90s

On the ____ chromosome, this chromosome gender is _______

23rd, male

On the ____ chromosome, this chromosome gender is _______

23rd, female