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Long - Femur Humerus Short - Carpals Tarsals Flat - Ribs Sternum Cranium Irregular - Vertebrae Scapula

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The Four Classifications of Bones and Examples of Each

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HPE REvision - Leaderboard

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HPE REvision - Details

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Long - Femur Humerus Short - Carpals Tarsals Flat - Ribs Sternum Cranium Irregular - Vertebrae Scapula

The Four Classifications of Bones and Examples of Each

Support - bones support our body Protection - bones protect vital organs Movement - muscles attach to bones with tendons, lever Minerals - storage of vital minerals Blood Cell Formation - bone marrow creates red blood cells

5 functions of the skeletal system

Periosteum - membrane that covers bone Compact - compact bone is the hard outer layers Cancellous - meshwork of spongy tissue Bone Marrow - in the cavities of bones where blood cells are produced.

The Four Layers of Bone

Fibrous - no movement, no cavity, held by tissue. eg (cranium bones) Cartilaginous - some movement, no cavity, held by cartilage. eg (between vertebrae, ribs and sternum, pelvis) Synovial - free movement, has cavity, held by ligaments. eg (elbow, knee, shoulder, hip, wrist, ankle)

Three Types of Joints

Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two bones. Extension: Increasing the angle between two bones. Inversion: Rotation of sole of foot inwards. Eversion: Rotation of sole of foot outwards.

Major Joint Actions

Tendon connects muscles to the bones ligament connects bones to bones.

Tendons vs Ligaments

Muscles convert chemical energy into mechanical energy to create a force, and this allows us to move.

The Role of Muscles in Creating Force

Skeletal muscle: attached to bones and it moves the skeleton. It has a striped appearance. Cardiac muscle: Forms most of the heart. Smooth muscle: Forms the walls of internal structures including the stomach, blood vessels, intestines, bladder and oesophagus.

The Three Types of Muscles

Voluntary: Meaning muscle contraction is under the direct, conscious control of the brain. Involuntary: Meaning muscle contraction occurs indirectly, without conscious control of the brain.

The Two Classifications of Muscles

The terms fracture, break or crack all mean the same thing. One term is not better or worse than another. The integrity of the bone has been lost and the bone structure fails.

Define Fracture

Direct force: Where enough force is applied to cause the bone to fracture at the point of impact. Indirect force: Where force is applied to a large, strong bone and is transmitted up the limb, causing a related, weak bone to fracture.

Ways Fractures are Causes

Open fracture: Where there is a wound exposing the fracture site or the bone is protruding from the skin Closed fracture: Where the bone has fractured but has no obvious external wound. Complicated fracture: Where the fracture also results in damage to associated vital organs and major blood vessels.

Fracture Classifications

• Splints – to stop movement of the broken limb • Braces – to support the bone • Plaster cast – to provide support and immobilise the bone • Traction – a less common option • Surgically inserted metal rods or plates – to hold the bone pieces together • Pain relief.

Treatment for Fractures

Eating healthy food, especially dairy foods, which give your bones the calcium they need Getting plenty of exercise, particularly weight-bearing exercise like running and jumping. This works the muscles that attach to the limb bones, meaning these bones are constantly experiencing the force of the muscles. This helps to strengthen bones. Wearing a helmet when riding a bike etc.

Strategies to Look After Bones