Kapitel 17 popu
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| What is zonation? | Spatial changes in community structure are referred to as zonation. The biological structure of a community is first constrained by the environmental tolerances of the species (fundamental niche), which are then modified through direct and indirect interactions with other species (realized niche). As we move across the landscape, variations in the phsycal environment alter (ændrer) the nature of both these constrains on species distribution and abundance - giving rise to patterns of zonation |
| This figure suggests that adding more and more nutrients over time will result in | A decrease in species diversity. |
| When bass (fisk) were removed from a stream, an algal bloom occurred. This is an example of.. (what kind of control?) | Top-down control. |
| Increasing the resources for one species results in the increase of predator numbers. This reduces the abundance of another prey species. This interaction is | Apparent competition. (Occurs when two species that do not compete with each other for limited resources affect each other indirectly by being prey for the same predator). |
| What is the term when one species benefits from an indirect interaction and the other has a neutral effect? | Indirect commensalism |
| What happens to the species Chthamalus stellatus when Balanus balanoides is removed from the lower intertidal zone? | Chthamalus is able to survive in the lower intertidal zone. |
| Plant community structure along an environmental gradient can often be explained by .. | A trade-off among species with respect to competitive ability and stress tolerance. (This trade-off can result in patterns of zonation across the landscape where variations in resource availability exist). |
| Which of the following is an example of a fundamental niche? -a lizard feeding on insects only at dawn when snakes are present -a mouse feeding on only small seeds in the presence of a competitor -a bird nesting on top of a tree in the presence of predators -an amphibian laying eggs in all possible habitats | An amphibian laying eggs in all possible habitats. (Fundamental niche - the range of environmental conditions tolerated by a species defines its fundamental niche). (Realized niche - the fundamental niches modified by species interactions - community structures reflects this). |
| When prey populations are controlled by predators in a trophic level above them, they are said to be under ________ control. | Top-down control. (Modsat er når trophic levels er kontrolleret af produktiviteten og abundance af populationer i trophic levels under dem - bottom-up control). |
| When an indirect interaction is beneficial to one of two interacting species and neutral to the other, the indirect interaction is termed indirect ________. | Indirect commensalism. (When the indirect interaction is beneficial to both species, the indirect interaction is termed indirect mutualism). |