MEC8028 Human Centred Design and Engineering
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MEC8028 Human Centred Design and Engineering - Leaderboard
MEC8028 Human Centred Design and Engineering - Details
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192 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Definition of Human Factors | - Human factors looks at the human aspects of engineering - People who operate the system and are around the system - Their safety, well being, performance and cost effective engineering |
| Definition of Human Factors | - Human factors looks at the human aspects of engineering - People who operate the system and are around the system - Their safety, well being, performance and cost effective engineering |
| What are some key point of human factors definitions? | - the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system - optimise human well-being and overall system performance - contribute to the design and evaluation of systems to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitation of people |
| What are the main implications of NOT considering the user? | - suspicion/rejection of the technology - the technology requires alot of training and/or users don't understand which leads to a drop in performance - technology changes the work in unanticipated ways which leads to unanticipated reverberations about the workplace - mechanism (especially highly automated) lead to unwanted reliance on technology that was intended to assist user - safety, comfort and well-being are compromised |
| What are some implications of CONSIDERING the user? | - performance increased due to technology being adopted quickly and effectively - minimum to no unanticipated negative consequences - reduction in training, operational and development costs - acceptance and positive adoption by the intended user |
| What are the main benefits wanted from human factor consideration? | - Safety - Performance - Usability - Satisfaction - Accessibility/ inclusivity |
| Daw the main elements ven-diagram | Organisation, Physical, Cognitive |
| Draw the Onion Model | Onion Model |
| What are the main sections of a socio-technical framework? | - Users - Tasks and technologies - Immediate environment - Wider environment - Work context and culture - Financial, legal and social constraints |
| What are the steps in ISO 9241-210? | 1: Plan the process 2: Understand the context/ work environment 3: Specify the user requirements 4: Produce designs 5: Evaluate the designs It's an ITERATIVE PROCESS!! |
| What are some user considerations that need to be taken into account when designing? | - Disability and impairment - Gender - Age - Culture - Exclusion |
| How (and where) can we apply human factors in mechanical engineering? | - user centred design of products - user centred design of build processes - user centred design of maintenance processes - user centred operations - Designing products that minimise other human factors or ergonomic risks |
| What are attenuation recourses | Relates to an individuals ability to act on information |
| What are attenuation recourses | Relates to an individuals ability to act on information |
| What are attenuation recourses | Relates to an individuals ability to act on information |
| What are the different types of work the body can undergo? | - Static work - Dynamic work |
| Define static work | Holding muscles and skeletal system in place |
| Define dynamic work | Repetitive movements |
| What are some important implications of physical work? | - Loading needs to be minimised, especially for static postures - Cantilever effect - Body and physiology work best in 'neutral postures' - Risk is a combination of factors: Load size, repetition, breaks, workplace factors (workstation design) |
| What are some specific ergonomic concerns? | - WRULDs - Manual handling - Display screen ergonomics |
| What are WRULDs? | - Work Related Upper Limb Disorders - Can be caused by non-neutral wrist and forearm postures - Other factors include repetition, force, posture and vibration - Typically one month lost per case of WRULD |
| What are some organisational factors that cause WRULDs? | Downsizing which results in: reduced breaks, reduced rest, reduced capacity for illness. |
| What are some preventions of WRULDs? | - Tool redesign - Organisational redesign - Physical therapy |
| Who suffers the most from work-related back pain injuries? | Nursing assistants |
| What are some key risks for the spine? | - Bending - Rotating and twisting - High loads |
| What are the factors affecting a lift in manual handling? | - Weight - Repetition - Asymmetric load - Grip - Floor surface - Distance - Teaming - Rests |
| What are anthropometrics? | Data of varying body size and shape for a range of ages and ethnicities. Designers usually use the 5th and 95th percentile. |
| What are some environmental factors that may effect physical work? | - Cold - Heat - Noise - Lighting - Fatigue |
| What are some characteristics of the perceptual system? | Bottom up but also top down, where the worlds presents the user information but the user also has their own expectations. |
| What are the 4 types of decision making? | - Rational - Heuristic - Naturalistic - No decision at all |
| Describe rational decision making | Either option is weighed against the other |
| Describe heuristic decision making | The decision is biased/skewed |
| Describe naturalistic decision making | Experts speed up the decision making process whilst relying heavily on external information (example is police interceptors) |
| Describe no decision decision making | The decision is made based off habit |
| What are attenuation recourses | Relates to an individuals ability to act on information |
| Describe the senses section of the cognition flowchart | Can it be perceived? Is it loud enough? Bright enough? |
| Describe the perception section of the cognition flowchart | Can we make sense of the scene? can we pick out the information? |
| Describe the Decision and Response selection section of the cognition flowchart | Can we interpret enough to make a choice? |
| Describe the attention resources section of the cognition flowchart | Do we have the capacity to interpret or act on the information? |
| Describe the main aspect of the multiple resource model | Tasks become more difficult is multiple resources are being used at once. E.g singing a song and holding a conversation, deciding to drive out of a junction whilst listening to music. |
| Describe the working memory section of the cognition flowchart | Do you have the capacity to keep track of all elements? do you have 'space' to plan? |
| What are some of the defining characteristics of working memory? | Limited capacity Prone to dropping out Difficult to hold many variables chunking (breaking numbers up into chunks) Complexity increases when the same modalities are used We offload |
| Describe the long term memory section of the cognitive flowchart | Do we have prior experience? Are our prior experiences influencing us? |
| What are some defining characteristics of long-term memory? | Needed for anything that isn't in the world or in working memory very variable, can remeber some things in increadible detail, others not at all Plays a big role in priming all aspects of cognition |
| Describe the response execution section of the cognition flowchart | Do you know what you are going to do next? Have you the physical ability to do it without error? |
| Define HCI | Human Computer Interaction |
| Define HMI/UI | Human Machine Interface or User Interface is the connection between the technology and the user. |
| What are the key elements of HMI? | Control: Input mode Error management Navigation Automation Display: Colour Font Layout Symbold and iconography |
| What are some examples of input modes and their pros and cons? | Commands/ Keyboard Mouse and graphical user interface Finger input/ touchscreen Speech Input |
| What are examples of when push or pull navigation structures are used? | Push: Experts - time pressure - may not look - push Pull: Novices - exploration - problem solving - pull |
| What are some characteristics of navigation structure? | Allow the user to see the task options as they may not remeber the sequence Push or pull the user? Closely linked to layout, important the UI prioritises information the user may want Ensure desired information is in the first couple of steps/ scrolls as user will loose interest Can be dangerous when user attention is critical |
| What are some important aspects of visual design? | Colour; choose compatible colours with high contrast. Avoid red/green, blue/yellow, etc due to colour blindness. Add redundancy, e.g font, flashing light, etc. Font; conveys information. Some are easy to read, some not. Some need to be read quickly (driving) Layout; Group linked suggestions together. Layout within and between screens. Consisten layout. Representation; Need to present informatioj in a way that highlights whats important. Symbols and Iconography; Most are international (save, bin, power). Usually have reduntant label and follow good guidance on colours. |
| What are some aspects of a HRO? | Factors that produce HROs are |
| What are some aspects of Teamwork and Collaboration? | "Common ground" Shared information; Explicit, "Active overhearing" where information is shared passively by people listening into eachother, Voice loops and shared views Avoiding authority gradients where senior people ignore lower people Managing communication volumes |
| What are some types of training? | Techncial and rule based; Takes longer as needs practice Local rules training Non-techncial skills training; perform tasks such as communication, taking time whe making decisions, etc |
| What are some methods of delivering training? | Desk and book based Computer based Simulator based Live training |
| What are some factors around training that need to be considered? | Training needs analysis Part-whole-task training Skill fade and re-training Lack of trust, people are sceptacle of simulators |
| What are some different types of work? | Co-located and remote from worksite Travelling to work, presents a fatigue risk On-call work, bad distribution of workload Moving people many to fewer resources, e.g depot, on call work |
| What are the different levels of safety culture and their definitions? | Pathalogical; Safety problems are caused by the workers. Workers try not to get caught. Reactive; Safety is important but workers only reat when things go wrong. Calculative; Safety driven by a safety management system (SMS) and data collection, but still ignore the wokrforce Proactive; Workforce is activated and safety performance has been improved Generative; Safety is an inherent part |
| What are some challenging environments for safety culture? | Project delivery organisations e.g a construction organisation Constists of multiple organisations working together Pressurised delivery requires leadership, management, and behavioural safety |
| What is a HRO? | High Reliability Organisation |
| What are some aspects of a HRO? | Factors that produce HROs are Sensitivity to operations preoccupation with failure Reluctance to simplify commitment ot resiliance deference to expertise where people are knowledgeable at all levels |
| What are the stages in the user centred design process? | Plan Understand and specify specify design requirements specify desgin solution test Remeber its an iterative process |
| What does HFM stand for? | Human Factor Methods |
| What are the main HFMs and their characteristics? | Capturing data; Interviews, surveys Describing data; Models, simulations, reports |
| What are some other applications of HFMs? | Accident and investigation Design of guides/manuals Risk assesments Design of training Research Procurement |
| What are the main aims of the planning section? | To determine who is involved and what the user wants. |
| What are the different methods used for the design processes? | Waterfall Model; Each stage is completed before next problem is solved. Can be expensive if need to go back. Agile model; Develop each individual section. Easy to fix individual problems. May have a problem with integrating the sections. |
| If you were to collaborate with a hospital to design a kiosk, who would you collaborate with? | Hospital designer software engineer Users (staff, patients) project sponsor (budget) hardware engineer |
| What are some challenges with understanding and specifying the context of use? | Some people are experct with tacit or hidden knowledge People may have poor recall memory User perspective (happy/unhappy) Access to users (may be hard to get a hold of) Ethics; Workplace (rights to privacy, may withdraw from research), private citizen (wary about giving away personal information) |
| Explain "work imagined" vs "work done" | Designers have an ideal vision of how people act/work, however they may not act in this way at all. |
| What are some methods of collecting user data? | Observations Interviews Surveys and Questionairs |
| What the different ways of carrying out observations? | Unstructured; people are watched. Observe in a laboratory environment. Structured; Time line analysis. Video analysis. Eye tracking analysis (to see what people concentrate on). Diary studies (long term studies). Specific ocupational risk tools. |
| What are the different ways of carrying out interviews? | Unstructed; open conversation Semi and fully structured; Stuctured interview guide (Critical incident method/ critical decision method (ask people to recall certain events, ask what triggered a decision, what could they have done differently? what training did they use?)) |
| What are different ways of carrying out surveys and questionnaires? | Questions about a product/ activity; Closed questions (a selection of answers), Likert scaling (strongly agree - strongly disagree) Open questions (best aspect of your experience, worst aspect) Questions about demographics Age, gender, occupation Paper based or online |
| What are some benefits and problems with observations, interviews and surveys? | Benefits and problems |
| What does the specify user requirements step consist of? | Describing the user and what they do Captures the main features of the user Can describe the socio-technical system Factors include; Safety criticality of the domain. Representitiveness of users. Who needs to use the representation? |
| What does specifying the user consist of? | Anthropometrics; Studying the correct range of users (not jsut the 50% male user) Using standards and data (ISO7250 Part 1,2,3) Describing their physical characteristics |
| What is a Hierarchical Task Analysis? | Breaks down a task into steps and sub steps A good one has steps before and after the device is used; what led them to use the device? what are they doing after its use? |
| What is a domain? | List of displays and screens, what screens do, etc Represents complex work |
| Features of describing users' - personas | Textual description of users May have a range of personas for different user roles Has photographs and biographical details Can include aspects that makes the user challenging; EDI requirements, techncial knowledge, other activities and responsibilities |
| Whats' included in Specific Performance Criteria? | Safety Performance Usability Satisfaction Accesibility, Inclusivity |
| What is required for the documentation of requirements? | Can be formal documentation; Functions Desings Colours Success criteria Risk evaluation For HMI can involve early designs; Content prioritization Space distribution Intended actions Available features and functions Transitions between screens |
| What may be part of the persona of a hospital user? | Anxious/ concerned Able bodied Computer literate |
| What are the two types of prototypes? | Low Fidelity; Throwaway, Wireframes High Fidelity; Detailed implementations of proposed design. Example is train cab design; Wood and paper version of traincab display. Next a realistic interface was made. |
| What is evaluation? | Involves users and user representitives, in the technology design and development process in a structured manor. Capturing responses to a design or design artefact Can be carried out at ANY point of the design process |
| What is the evaluation framework? | Why are you conducting the evaluation? What do you have to evaluate (prototypes?) Who is going to help you? (users, experts) When in the development process? Do you need a 'clean' environment, or context? What method are you going to use? |
| What are some things to consider who is going to be involved? | Do you need to match against certain characteristics? Age, gender, education, prior knowledge Physical, cognitve and attidudunal implications Do any of your users pose particular challenges Older adults, children, children with special needs Can you use beginners, or experts? How many? (depends on methods) |
| What are some factors for deciding when to evaluate? | Fomative (low fidelity) To inform the design process Exploratorive, using partically completed artefacts (prototypes) Maybe more qualitative or subjective Summative (high fidelity) A confirmation exercise To ensure intended aims are met Often against recognised standard or set of benchmarks |
| Factors to consider when deciding where? | Use a usability lab earlier in the process Simulation where envirnment is safety critical Real World |
| What are some advantages and disadvantages of lab study methods? | Advantages and disadvantages |
| What are some advantages and disadvantages of field study methods? | Advantages and disadvantages |
| What are the aims of anthropometrics? | To account for the varibility in human body dimensions in specifications of dimensions of workplaces and equipment. The three main areas are; Reach, See, Move. |
| What does anthropometric data typically cover? | Key measurement points on the body; Fucntional measurements (i.e ranges), strength, weight/BMI. Dimensions; Maximum, minimum, mean 5% and 95%. May be tabular or graphical. |
| Where is anthropometric data available? | ISO 7520 - 1,2,3 EN 547 - 1,2 EN ISO 14738 |
| What are some considerations for anthropometric data? | National differences Regional differences Age (children developing, older adults are smaller) |