Module 25
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| World War I | Was the first global war where they used advanced technologies. There were many casualties, death, and injures. It was supposed to be a short war but it was very long it lasted 4 years. (July 28, 1914 - November 11, 1918). They had a false sense of peace but beneath this calm surface, tensions were building, both between and within nations. |
| How the war started | Because the assassin was a Serbian, Austria decided to use the murders as an excuse to punish Serbia. On July 23, Austria presented Serbia with an ultimatum containing numerous demands. Serbia knew that refusing the ultimatum would lead to war against the more powerful Austria. Therefore, Serbian leaders agreed to most of Austria’s demands and wanted to have a conference but Austria said no and on July 28, Austria rejected Serbia’s offer and declared war. |
| Factors that created the tension for WWI | 1-NATIONALISM: a sense of devotion to one's national group where they had a sense of national pride. It was a dividing force rather than a unifying one because everybody thought they were the best. 2-ECONOMIC RIVALY, Germany and Great Britain led Europe in industrial growth, which gave them economic power. This caused increased competition for materials and markets. 3--POLITICAL RIVALRY or territorial disputes. The countries were fighting for territory 4-IMPERIALISM as when the countries industrialized they realized they needed where to get their materials and where to sell them. Their sense of rivalry and mistrust of one another deepened. 5-MILITARISM. This was to glorify the military power of a country. The nations of Europe believed that to be truly great, they needed to have a powerful military. To show power through your army. They had an army that in a flash could mobilize but if you are in "peace" there is no need for this. 6-They started doing ALLIANCES with other countries, some secret and other public. They used it in order to protect themselves from other countries. But these alliances were the most important factor in causing WW1 |
| How the war started | Because the assassin was a Serbian, Austria decided to use the murders as an excuse to punish Serbia. On July 23, Austria presented Serbia with an ultimatum containing numerous demands. Serbia knew that refusing the ultimatum would lead to war against the more powerful Austria. Therefore, Serbian leaders agreed to most of Austria’s demands and wanted to have a conference but Austria said no and on July 28, Austria rejected Serbia’s offer and declared war. |
| Otto von Bismarck | Was the leader that united Germany. He managed to unite all these regions into one nation, when he did it he had a personality change. He stated that Germany was a satisfied power. He wanted to keep the peace so he made alliances. He was very scared of France and wanted to keep it isolated from friends so he formed the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary. Three years later, Italy joined the two countries, forming the Triple Alliance with the countries surrounding France. Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italy This was called the triple alliance. Also made alliances with Russia. also made a treaty with Russia. |
| Triple Alliance | Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | A proud and stubborn man who did not wish to share power with anyone. Besides wanting to assert his own power, the new kaiser was eager to show the world just how mighty Germany had become. The army was his greatest pride. Wilhelm let his nation’s treaty with Russia lapse in 1890. Russia responded by forming a defensive military alliance with France in 1892 and 1894. Germany would then be forced to fight a two-front war, or a war on both its eastern and western borders. Next, the Kaiser made an effort to make the German navy equal to that of the mighty British fleet. Alarmed, in 1907, Britain made another entente, with France and Russia called the Triple Entente |
| Triple Entent | Alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia |
| Crisis in the Balkans | Serbia had a large Slavic population. They were driven by their nationalism. It hoped to absorb all the Slavs on the Balkan Peninsula. Russia, itself a mostly Slavic nation, supported Serbian nationalism. However, Serbia’s powerful northern neighbor, Austria-Hungary, opposed such an effort. Austria feared that efforts to create a Slavic state would stir rebellion among its Slavic population. In 1908, Austria took over Bosnia and Herzegovina. These were two Balkan areas with large Slavic populations. Serbian leaders, who had sought to rule these provinces, were outraged. In the years that followed, tensions between Serbia and Austria rose steadily. The Serbs vowed to take Bosnia and Herzegovina away from Austria. In response, Austria-Hungary vowed to crush any Serbian effort to undermine its authority in the Balkans. |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, with his wife Sophie the couple paid a state visit the capital of Bosnia. The royal pair were shot by Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year-old Serbian and a member of the Black Hand. |
| Black hand | Secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule. |
| How the war started | Because the assassin was a Serbian, Austria decided to use the murders as an excuse to punish Serbia. On July 23, Austria presented Serbia with an ultimatum containing numerous demands. Serbia knew that refusing the ultimatum would lead to war against the more powerful Austria. Therefore, Serbian leaders agreed to most of Austria’s demands and wanted to have a conference but Austria said no and on July 28, Austria rejected Serbia’s offer and declared war. |
| Trench warfare | A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. |
| Why did the Russians struggled | *INDUSTRIALIZATION came late and modernization was just starting. The things they used were more old fashion. *The RAILROAD network wasn’t very efficient so the front troops lacked of material. The allies tried to send supplies but because they had to come across the ottoman empire they didn’t let them cross and on the other side they had to come across the submarines of Germany so the supplies could almost never come. *The only asset that Russia had was the number of soldiers. It had a huge population. The deaths of soldiers could easily be replaced Military aviation At the end of the war, there were many airplanes used. It was the first time there was a war up in the sky |
| Why did the Russians struggled | *INDUSTRIALIZATION came late and modernization was just starting. The things they used were more old fashion. *The RAILROAD network wasn’t very efficient so the front troops lacked of material. The allies tried to send supplies but because they had to come across the ottoman empire they didn’t let them cross and on the other side they had to come across the submarines of Germany so the supplies could almost never come. *The only asset that Russia had was the number of soldiers. It had a huge population. The deaths of soldiers could easily be replaced Military aviation At the end of the war, there were many airplanes used. It was the first time there was a war up in the sky While this is happening on the west, The eastern front |
| Why did the Russians struggled | *INDUSTRIALIZATION came late and modernization was just starting. The things they used were more old fashion. *The RAILROAD network wasn’t very efficient so the front troops lacked of material. The allies tried to send supplies but because they had to come across the ottoman empire they didn’t let them cross and on the other side they had to come across the submarines of Germany so the supplies could almost never come. *The only asset that Russia had was the number of soldiers. It had a huge population. The deaths of soldiers could easily be replaced Military aviation At the end of the war, there were many airplanes used. It was the first time there was a war up in the sky While this is happening on the west, The eastern front |
| Why did the Russians struggled | *INDUSTRIALIZATION came late and modernization was just starting. The things they used were more old fashion. *The RAILROAD network wasn’t very efficient so the front troops lacked of material. The allies tried to send supplies but because they had to come across the ottoman empire they didn’t let them cross and on the other side they had to come across the submarines of Germany so the supplies could almost never come. *The only asset that Russia had was the number of soldiers. It had a huge population. The deaths of soldiers could easily be replaced Military aviation At the end of the war, there were many airplanes used. It was the first time there was a war up in the sky While this is happening on the west, The eastern front |
| The War begins | In response to Austria’s declaration of war, Russia, Serbia’s ally, began moving its army toward the Russian-Austrian border and along the German border. To Germany, this Russian mobilization amounted to a declaration of war. On August 1, the German government declared war on Russia. Russia looked to its ally France for help. Germany, however, did not even wait for France to react. Two days after declaring war on Russia, Germany also declared war on France. Soon afterward, Great Britain declared war on Germany. |
| Central Power | Germany and Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire would later join in hopes of regaining lost territories. |
| Allied Power | Great Britain, France, and Russia. Japan joined the Allies within weeks. Italy joined later. |
| Wester front | The region of northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other. had become a “terrain of death.” It stretched nearly 500 miles from the North Sea to the Swiss border. Military strategists were at a loss. |
| Schlieffen Plan | Germany’s military plan in which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia. The Germans felt they could carry out such a plan because Russia lagged behind the rest of Europe in its railroad system and thus would take longer to supply its front lines. By early September, German forces had swept into France and reached the outskirts of Paris. A major German victory appeared just days away. On September 5, however, the Allies regrouped and attacked the Germans northeast of Paris, in the valley of the Marne River. Every available soldier was hurled into the struggle. When reinforcements were needed, more than 600 taxicabs rushed soldiers from Paris to the front. After four days of fighting, the German generals gave the order to retreat. This plan was a fail and the defeat of the Germans left the Schlieffen Plan in ruins. |
| Battle of valley of the Marne | The First Battle of the Marne was perhaps the single most important event of the war. Although it was only the first major clash on the Western Front, the First Battle of the Marne was perhaps the single most important event of the war. The defeat of the Germans left the Schlieffen Plan in ruins. In the east, Russian forces had already invaded Germany. Germany was going to have to fight a long war on two fronts. |
| Why the war was so deadly | TECHNOLOGY: Because they had advanced technologies. They came up with synthetic rubber for the tires in a German fabric. Now they don’t need to depend on raw material CHEMICAL WEAPONS: The Germans came up with poison gas. It was used by both. Some gases caused blindness or severe blisters, others death by choking. TANKS: Introduced by the British an armored combat vehicle that moved on-chain tracks and thus could cross many types of terrain AUTOMATIC WEAPONS: soldiers carried the weapons. The machine gun fires ammunition automatically. The gun could wipe out waves of attackers PLANES: Now the fight was also in the sky. The Americans were the first ones and they started to manufacture Submaries: gemrna invasion and germans dominate the warts thatnk to the U-boats |
| Casualties | Anyone killed, injured, captured, or considered missing in action |
| Medical Field | They come up with the first MOBILE X-RAY machines to localize the gun balls. A system of STORING BLOOD for blood transfusions. These were coolers to keep the blood cold PLASTIC SURGERY for reconstructive surgeries for the soldiers PROSTHETIC LIMB for replacing the limbs |
| "No Man’s Land.” | The space between the opposing trenches |
| Trench warfare | A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. |
| Battle of Verdun | Bloodiest war, In February, the Germans launched a massive attack against the French near Verdun. Each side lost more than 300,000 men. In July, the British army tried to relieve the pressure on the French. British forces attacked the Germans northwest of Verdun, in the valley of the Somme River. Each side had suffered more than half a million casualties. |
| Eastern Front | The region along the German-Russian border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks. Here, Russians and Serbs battled Germans and Austro-Hungarians. The war in the east was a more mobile war than that in the west. |
| Early fighting | At the beginning Russian forces launched an attack into both Austria and Germany. At the end of August 1914, Germany counterattacked near the town of Tannenberg. The Germans crushed the invading Russian army and drove it into full retreat. More than 30,000 Russian soldiers were killed. Russian forces defeated the Austrians twice in September 1914. Not until December of that year did the Austrian army manage to turn the tide. Austria defeated the Russians and eventually pushed them out of Austria-Hungary. |
| Why did the Russians struggled | *INDUSTRIALIZATION came late and modernization was just starting. The things they used were more old fashion. As a result, the Russian army was continually short on food, guns, ammunition, clothes, boots, and blankets. *The RAILROAD network wasn’t very efficient so the front troops lacked of material. The allies tried to send supplies but because they had to come across the ottoman empire they didn’t let them cross and on the other side they had to come across the submarines of Germany so the supplies could almost never come. *The only asset that Russia had was its NUMBERS of soldiers. It had a huge population. The deaths of soldiers could easily be replaced Military aviation At the end of the war, there were many airplanes used. It was the first time there was a war up in the sky |
| The Gallipoli Campaign | The effort of the Allies to take the Dardanelles strait began in February 1915. By securing the Dardanelles, the Allies believed that they could take Constantinople, defeat the Turks, and establish a supply line to Russia. By May, Gallipoli had turned into another bloody stalemate. Both sides dug trenches, from which they battled for the rest of the year. In December, the Allies gave up the campaign and began to evacuate. They had suffered about 250,000 casualties. |
| Battles in Africa and Asia | In various parts of Africa and Asia, Germany’s colonial possessions came under assault. The Japanese quickly overran German outposts in China and also captured Germany’s Pacific island colonies. English and French troops attacked Germany’s four African possessions and seized control of three. |
| United States joins the fight | In January 1917, the Germans announced that their submarines would sink without warning any ship in the waters around Britain. This policy was called unrestricted submarine warfare. The Germans had tried this policy before where a German submarine sank the British passenger ship Lusitania which included 128 U.S. citizens. Germany claimed that the ship had been carrying ammunition, which turned out to be true. President Woodrow Wilson sent a strong protest to Germany. After two further attacks, the Germans finally agreed to stop attacking neutral and passenger ships. Desperate for an advantage over the Allies, however, the Germans returned to unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917. They knew it might lead to war with the United States. Ignoring warnings by President Wilson, German U-boats sank three American ships. Also, Officials intercepted a telegram written by Germany’s foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmermann, stating that Germany would help Mexico “reconquer” the land it had lost to the United States if Mexico would ally itself with Germany. Also, America felt a bond with England. The two nations shared a common ancestry and language, as well as similar democratic institutions and legal systems. More important, America’s economic ties with the Allies were far stronger than those with the Central Powers. On April 2, 1917, President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany. The United States entered the war on the side of the Allies. |
| Unrestricted submarine warfare | The policy in which Germans announced that their submarines would sink without warning any ship in the waters around Britain. |
| Why was WWI such a great war | *It became a TOTAL WAR which meant that countries devoted all their resources to the war effort. In Britain, Germany, Austria, Russia, and France, the entire force of government was dedicated to winning the conflict. *government took control over the ECONOMY. Governments told factories what to produce and how much. *Numerous facilities were converted to MUNITION FACTORIES. Nearly every able-bodied civilian was put to work. Unemployment in many European countries all but disappeared. *RATIONING: governments turned to rationing. Under this system, people could buy only small amounts of those items that were also needed for the war effort. *Governments also suppressed ANTIWAR ACTIVITY, sometimes forcibly. In addition, they censored news about the war. Many leaders feared that honest reporting of the war would turn people against it. *PROPAGANDA: Governments also used propaganda to keep up morale and support for the war. |
| Women and the War | Thousands of women replaced men in factories, offices, and shops. Women built tanks and munitions, plowed fields, paved streets, and ran hospitals. They also kept troops supplied with food, clothing, and weapons. |
| Russia Withdraws | In March 1917, civil unrest in Russia—due in large part to war-related shortages of food and fuel—forced Czar Nicholas to step down. In his place, a provisional government was established. The new government pledged to continue fighting the war. However, as a result, the war-weary Russian army refused to fight any longer. Eight months after the new government took over, a revolution shook Russia. In November 1917, Communist leader Vladimir Ilyich Lenin seized power and insisted on ending his country’s involvement in the war. One of his first acts was to offer Germany a truce. In March 1918, Germany and Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ended the war between them. |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Ended the war between Russia and Germany |
| World war I Ends | In March 1918, the Germans mounted one final, massive attack on the Allies in France. By late May 1918, the Germans had again reached the Marne River. Paris was less than 40 miles away. Victory seemed within reach. By this time, however, the German military had weakened. The effort to reach the Marne had exhausted men and supplies alike. Sensing this weakness, the Allies—with the aid of nearly 140,000 fresh U.S. troops—launched a counterattack. In July 1918, the Allies and Germans clashed at the Second Battle of the Marne. With the arrival of 2 million more American troops, the Allied forces began to advance steadily toward Germany. Soon, the Central Powers began to crumble. First the Bulgarians and then the Ottoman Turks surrendered. In October, revolution swept through Austria-Hungary. In Germany, soldiers mutinied, and the public turned on the Kaiser. On November 9, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down. Germany declared itself a republic. A representative of the new German government met with French Commander and the two signed an armistice, or an agreement to stop fighting. On November 11, World War I came to an end. |
| The legacy of the War: Human Cost | It left behind a landscape of death and destruction such as was never before seen. In the human cost: About 8.5 million soldiers died as a result of the war. Another 21 million were wounded. The war led to the death of countless civilians by way of starvation, disease, and slaughter. One of the most lethal diseases was the flu, which struck in 1918 and killed some 20 million people. |
| Legacy of the war: Economic | The great conflict drained the treasuries of European countries. One account put the total cost of the war at $338 billion. The war also destroyed acres of farmland, as well as homes, villages, and towns. |
| Legacy of the War: Mentally and the treaty | A sense of disillusionment settled over the survivors. The insecurity and despair that many people experienced are reflected in the art and literature of the time. The treaties to end World War I were forged after great debate and compromise. And while they sought to bring a new sense of security and peace to the world, they prompted mainly anger and resentment. |
| Big four in the Paris peace conference | *Woodrow Wilson of the United States *Georges Clemenceau of France *David Lloyd George of Great Britain *Vittorio Orlando of Italy. |
| Treaty of Versailles - False Peace | The Treaty of Versailles did little to build a lasting peace. The United States rejected the treaty as Americans believed that the United States’ best hope for peace was to stay out of European affairs. Later, they worked out a separate treaty with Germany and its allies |
| The allies Meet | Russia, in the grip of civil war, was not represented. Neither were Germany and its allies. |
| Fourteen Points | Wilsons plan for peace: *The first four points included an end to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, and reduced national armies and navies. *The fifth goal was the adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial peoples. *The sixth through thirteenth points were specific suggestions for changing borders and creating new nations. The guiding idea behind these points was self-determination. This meant allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live. *the fourteenth point proposed a “general association of nations” that would protect “great and small states alike.” This reflected Wilson’s hope for an organization that could peacefully negotiate solutions to world conflicts. |
| Treaty of Versailles | The Treaty of Versailles between Germany and the Allied powers was signed on June 28, 1919. The treaty also punished Germany. The defeated nation lost substantial territory and had severe restrictions placed on its military operations. As tough as these provisions were, the harshest was Article 231. It was also known as the “war guilt” clause. It placed sole responsibility for the war on Germany’s shoulders. As a result, Germany had to pay reparations to the Allies. |
| League of Nations | The league was to be an international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations. |
| Mandates | All of Germany’s territories administered by the League of Nations in Africa and the Pacific. The Allies would govern the mandates until they were judged ready for independence. |
| New nations and powers | The western powers signed separate peace treaties with each of the other defeated nations that led to huge land losses for the Central Powers. : Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. Several new countries were created out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia were all recognized as independent nations. *The Ottoman Turks were forced to give up almost all of their former empire. They retained only the territory that is today the country of Turkey. *The Allies carved up the lands that the Ottomans lost in Southwest Asia into mandates rather than independent nations. * Britain received the mandates for Palestine (including Transjordan) and Iraq *France was assigned the mandates for Syria and Lebanon. *Russia, which had left the war early, suffered land losses as well. Romania and Poland both gained Russian territory. Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, formerly part of Russia, became independent nations. |
| Positive Effects of the League of Nations | • It created more organizations to help other areas in society. It created the (ILO) an organization that promoted better conditions for workers around the world • It convinces other nations to adopt standard hours for the workers • Made an end to legal slavery. Specially in the colonies. • Created the commission of refugees which took care for the people who had to get away from their country to find refuge. |
| Treaty of Versailles - False Peace | *The Treaty of Versailles did little to build a lasting peace. *The United States rejected the treaty as Americans believed that the United States’ best hope for peace was to stay out of European affairs. Later, they worked out a separate treaty with Germany and its allies *the treaty with Germany, in particular the war-guilt clause, left a legacy of bitterness and hatred in the hearts of the German people. |