Neurologic Disorders
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191 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What is the body's link with the environment? | The nervous system |
| The neurologic system works in conjunction with the ________ _______ to maintain the body's homeostasis | Endocrine system |
| What are the two main structures of the nervous system? | Central and Peripheral |
| What is the central nervous system made up of? | The brain and spinal cord |
| Which system includes all the nerves that lie outside the CNS? | Peripheral nervous system |
| The peripheral nervous system contains which two divisions? | Somatic and Autonomic |
| The autonomic nervous system is is also called the ______________. | Involuntary nervous system |
| The three structures of the neuron are the : | Cell body Axon Dendrites |
| Where is the nucleus of the neuron contained? | The cell body |
| All neurons are governed by which law? | The "all-or-none law" |
| What are the best known neurotransmitters? | Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin |
| What are the two main cells of the nervous system? | Neurons Neuroglia/glial |
| Which cells support and protect the neurons while producing cerebrospinal fluid? | Neuroglia/glial cells |
| What is the role of neurons? | Carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord |
| Dopamine affects primary _______ ________. | Motor function |
| What is norepinephrine responsible for? | Maintains arousal Dreams Regulation of mood |
| How do the nodes of Ranvier further increase the rate of transmission? | Because the impulse can jump from node to node |
| Where does the regeneration of nerve cells occur? | Peripheral nervous system |
| Cells damaged in the CNS result in _______ ______. | Permanent damage |
| What are the four principal parts of the brain? | Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum Brainstem |
| What does each hemisphere of the cerebrum control? | Movement on the opposite side of the body |
| What is the cerebral cortex composed of? | Gray matter |
| What do basal nuclei control? | Automatic body movement Posture |
| The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic system are controlled by the _________. | Hypothalamus |
| What are the two main functions of the spinal cord? | Conduct impulses to and from brain Reflex actions |
| How are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems antagonistic? | Sympathetic accelerates an action Parasympathetic slows an action |
| What is the earliest sign of increased ICP? | Decreased LOC |
| What are the two components of LOC? | Arousal (wakefulness) Awareness |
| Awareness has 4 components: | 1. Orientation 2. Memory 3. Calculation 4. Fund of knowledge |
| What are the three parts of the Glasgow coma scale? | Eye opening Verbal Motor |
| What is a benefit of the FOUR score coma scale, which differs from the Glasgow coma scale? | Allows evaluation of intubated patients |
| List the four categories of the FOUR score coma scale? | Eye response Brainstem reflexes Motor response Respiration |
| Where is the function of speech located in the brain for all right-handed people and most left-handed people? | Dominant hemisphere; left side of the brain |
| Inability to comprehend the spoken or written word is called: | Sensory/receptive aphasia |
| Inability to speak or write using symbols of speech is called: | Motor/expressive aphasia |
| Define global aphasia | Inability understand the spoken word or to speak |
| What is anomic aphasia? | Inability to name objects |
| What is dysarthria? | Difficult or poorly articulated speech |
| What kind of lesion might causes the muscled to become spastic? | Upper motor lesion |
| Define paresis: | Partial loss of function |
| The body's sense, based in internal stimuli of its own position and limb movements is called: | Proprioception |
| How is the patient positioned during a lumbar puncture? | On side with knee and head flexed at acute angle |
| How should the patient lay after a lumbar puncture? | Flat in bed for several hours |
| What are the 3 classifications of a headache? | Vascular Tension Traction-inflammation |
| What is the age of onset for migraines? | 10-45 years |
| Taking ibuprofen, aspirin, and acetaminophen more than 3 times a week for headaches can cause what? | Rebound headaches |
| What are triptans calssified as? | Selective serotonin receptor agonists |
| What is Horner's syndrome? | Small pupil or eyelid drooping on one side |
| What is a presenting sign of cluster headaches? | Horner's syndrome |
| Pain receptors are not _______ | Adaptable; they are specific to pain |
| What are late signs of increased ICP? | Rise in systolic pressure Widening pulse pressure Bradycardia Abnormal respiration |
| What is diplopia? | Double vision |
| Late signs of increased ICP together are called: | Cushing's response |
| What kind of vomiting is present in a patient with increased ICP? | Unexpected vomiting; projectile and unaccompanied by nausea |
| What are two (easily detectable) objective signs of increased ICP? | Vomiting and hiccups (singultus) |
| What is the first most subtle clue to trouble regarding increased ICP? | Sluggish pupil response |
| What happens in papilledema? | The retina becomes compressed and cannot respond to light rays |
| Why is a lumbar puncture not performed on a patient with increased ICP? | Sudden release of pressure in the skull can lead to pressure on the cardiac and respiratory centers |
| What is the first step in management of increased ICP? | Adequate oxygenation |
| What are the three types of medications administered to treat increased ICP? | Osmotic diuretics Corticosteroids Anticonvulsants |
| Mannitol reduces increased ICP within ____ minutes and effects last ______ hours | Within 15 minutes, lasts 5-6 hours |
| What is the most common anticonvulsant drug administered to someone with increased ICP? | Phenytoin (Dilantin ) |
| What is the best position for paralyzed patients able to tolerate it? | Prone; place pillow under chest |
| How often is passive ROM indicated for all joints that the patient cannot move voluntarily? | At least 3 times a day |
| What is the most important nursing intervention for a patient with sensory dysfunction? | Teach the patient protective measures |
| What is status epilepticus? | When full consciousness is not regained between seizures |