Pain - perception
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22 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Definition of pain | Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage |
| What are the 4 categories of pain | Acute, nociceptive categorised under acute, chronic and neuropathic |
| What is chronic pain | Prolonged, intensity varies, lasts >6mths, associated with depression, loss of work, fatigue, anger, frustration. Management is important |
| What is neuropathic pain | (pathophysiological) centrally generated from the central nervous system (phantom pain) or peripherally generated (neuropathies: diabetes, nerve entrapment) |
| What is acute pain | A protective mechanism A response to internal or external stimuli i.e. Acute abdominal pain or hot frying pan handle |
| What is nociceptive pain | Nociceptive pain (physiological) The sensory response to noxious stimuli that implies damage or potential damage to somatic or visceral tissues Somatic: Bone & soft tissue Visceral: Organs found in GI tract & Pancreas: Can be caused by an obstruction |
| What are the 5 Phases of nociception | Transduction, Conduction Transmission, perception and modulation, |
| What is transduction | Transduction is converting the noxious stimuli into electrical energy |
| What is conduction | Where the electrical energy travels through the nerves |
| What is transmission | Transmission is when the electrical signal reaches the dorsal root of the spine which take the message to the brain |
| What are the three catergories of noxius stimuli | MECHINICAL: Pressure, swelling, incision, tumour growth THERMAL: Burns & scalds CHEMICAL: Toxic substances |
| What is perception | Perception is when the electrical signal reaches the brain and pain is felt, which triggers responses and emotions |
| What is modulation | Inhibitory mechanism involving multiple sites Descending pathway Spinal cord Release of neurochemicals endogenous opiods (endorphins/encaphalin) serotonin noradrenaline |
| What are the 5 dimensions of pain | Sensory, cognitive, socio-cultural, behavioural and affective |
| What is the sensory dimension of pain mean | The recognition of pain Consider sensory pain elements Pattern Area Intensity Nature |
| What is the affective dimension of pain mean | Refers to emotional responses Anger, Fear, Depression, Anxiety, Laughter |
| What is the cognitive dimension of pain mean | Cognitive Refers to beliefs, attitudes, memories Age, gender and education have also been found to influence pain beliefs and coping |
| What is the behavioural dimension of pain mean | Behavioural Refers to observable actions to express or control pain Facial expressions, Posture, change in daily activities |
| What is the sociocultural dimension of pain mean | Sociocultural Encompasses demographics, support systems, social roles and culture |
| Assessment of pain | PQRSTU provoking- does anything make it worse or better quality - what the pain feels like region - where is it? localised does it feel the same anywhere else? severity - how much does it hurt? 1-10? time - when did the pain begin client understanding - what treatments have you tried? |
| What is the pain assessment for non verbal patients | FLACC Face - facial expression Legs - relaxed, tense or kicking Activity - moves easily, tense, aching Cry - no cry, whimpers , occasional complains, frequently complaining and cries Consolability - relaxed, needs to be distracted, difficult to comfort |
| Older patients how do you assess pain | Using a number scale and asking if they feel the pain anywhere else |