PCOG LEC FINALS
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| Natural Fibres used for the preparation of Surgical Dressings are obtained from | Plants Animals Minerals Synthetic & other Fibres |
| 1 Material used alone or in combination to cover wound Made up of fibres Material which holds the dressing in desired position………BANDAGE 2 OS means __ | 1 Surgical dressings 2 Operating sponge |
| Surgical Dressings Functions Why do we use it? | 1 Reduce or prevent infection 2 Mechanical support to the tissues 3 Arrest bleeding 4 Protection to healing wound RAMP |
| Pharmacopoeial Requirements for Surgical Dressings | 1 Sterilized before use 2 Stored in dry, well-ventilated place below 25 C 3 Permitted antiseptics in prescribed concentrations be used 4 Dyed unless mentioned in monograph 5 Adhesive products not allowed to freeze 6 No loose threads, fibre ends |
| 1 Types of Dressing | 1 Natural and Manmade |
| 1 Cheap and used a lot as filtering medium and in surgical dressings 2 Example 3 Source | 1 Vegetable fibres 2 Cotton (syn. Raw Cotton, Purified Cotton, Absorbent Cotton) 3 Epidermal Trichomes covering seeds of Gossypium herbaceum, Fam Malvaceae |
| 1 Composed mainly of cellulose and lignin The 2nd most important vegetable fibre next to cotton 2 __ are used to disintegrate bundles | 1 JUTE 2 Lignocellulose; nitric acid, potassium chlorate |
| Vegetable Fibres List | 1 JUTE 2 FLAX 3 HEMP 4 CHEMICAL WOOD PULP |
| Used as Cellulose wadding (thick lining) Derived from pine and spruce wood ‘off cuts’ ‘ Delignified wood’ produced by “Sulphite process” to leave the cellulose | Chemical Wood Pulp (WOOD) |
| Vegetable Fibres List | 1 JUTE 2 FLAX 3 HEMP 4 CHEMICAL WOOD PULP |
| Animal Fibres List | 1 WOOL 2 SILK |
| Animal Fibres List | 1 WOOL 2 SILK |
| Produced from naturally occurring, long chain molecules isolated, controlled and possibly modified semi-synthetic | Regenerated and synthetic fibres |
| Middle layer absorbs blood or pus or any exudate from wound | Absorbent layer |
| Layer supports the inner layers | Outer layer |
| What are the parts of Surgical Dressings? | 1 Wound facing layer 2 Absorbent layer 3 Outer layer WAO |
| 1 Cheap and used a lot as filtering medium and in surgical dressings 2 Example 3 Source | 1 Vegetable fibres 2 Cotton (syn. Raw Cotton, Purified Cotton, Absorbent Cotton) 3 Epidermal Trichomes covering seeds of Gossypium herbaceum, Fam Malvaceae |
| JUTE | Phloem fibres from stem bark of Corchorus capsularis, C. olitorius, Fam.Tiliaceae |
| 1 Composed mainly of cellulose and lignin The 2nd most important vegetable fibre next to cotton Lignocellulose; nitric acid, potassium chlorate are used to disintegrate bundles 2 __ are used to disintegrate bundles | 1 JUTE 2 Lignocellulose; nitric acid, potassium chlorate |
| FLAX | Pericyclic fibres of the stem of Linum usitatissimum Fam.Linaceae |
| HEMP | Pericyclic fibres of Cannabis sativa stem Fam. Cannabinaceae |
| CHEMICAL WOOD PULP (WOOD) | Delignified wood produced by “Sulphite process” to leave the cellulose |
| WOOL | From the fleece of the sheep Ovis aries, Fam Bovidae |
| SILK | Fibre from the cocoons of silk worms Bombyx mori, Fam Bombycidae/Moraceae |
| VISCOSE RAYON | Dissolving wood pulp cellulose in sodium hydroxide soln and treating with carbon disulphide SODIUM HYDROXIDE TREATED WITH CARBON DISULPHIDE |
| ALGINATES | Laminaria hyperborea, other sp, Ascophyllum comes from cell walls of brown algae |
| Source: a viscous orange-red aqueous solution of sodium cellulose xanthogenate obtained by dissolving wood pulp cellulose in sodium hydroxide soln and treating with carbon disulphide Use: to manufacture fabrics, surgical dressings, absorbent wool, enzyme and cellophane | VISCOSE RAYON Syn: viscose rayon, viscose, rayon, regenerated cellulose |
| Condensation polymer resin Can be autoclaved Use : sutures (prep of artificial grafts) | Polyesters : TERYLENE |
| Sterile threads or strings specially prepared for use in surgery | Sutures & Ligatures |
| Are used for sewing or stitching together tissues like skin, muscle or tendon by using Needle | Sutures |
| Absorbed & digested in the tissues of the body | Absorbable sutures |
| Absorbable sutures classification: __ | 1 Catgut 2 Collagen 3 Cargile membrane 4 Kangaroo tendon 5 Fascia lata (from thigh) CCCKF |
| 1 Made up of materials which resist enzymatic digestion, remain in the body to be removed after wound healing. 2 Examples | 1 Non-absorbable suture material 2 Silk ,cotton, nylon, linen stainless steel metallic |
| Metallic wires of silver or stainless steel are used as surgical aid Wires are available as mono-filaments, twists and braids | Metallic Sutures |
| For automatic tissue penetration | Ultra sharp needle point |
| Provides maximum strength and smoothness | Silicone-coated Stainless Steel Needle |
| Offers maximum connection strength between thread and needle | Drill End Press Fit |
| Sources of Crude Drugs | Animals Plants Minerals |
| Substances of mineral origin have been used for various pharmaceutical purposes Therapeutic agents Nutritional supplements Excipients | Mineral crude drugs |
| Mineral Deposits of Different types | 1 Terrestrial deposits 2 Fossil deposits (geological origin in oceans and seabeds) |
| Collection of Mineral Deposits | By mining in open quarries Further purified for various pharmaceutical uses |
| KAOLIN is derive from Chinese word “__” which means “__”, first mined in Georgia and resulted to Wedgwood Pottery | Kau-ling, high ridge |
| Kaolin Identification | Heat kaolin on charcoal black with cobalt nitrate -> Forms Blue Mass (due to Alumina) |
| 2 mineral groups of asbestos based on crystalline structure | 1 Serpentine 2 Amphiboles |
| Amphibole LIST | 1 Amosite (BROWN) 2 Crocidolite - most dangerous (BLUE) 3 Anthophyllite 4 Tremolite 5 Actinolite ACATA 3,4,5: Less Used industrially but found in talcum powders |
| Source: a mineral with perfect cleavage and soapy feel Occurs as foliated to fibrous masses, coarse granular at times or fine or cryptocrystalline masses. | TALC : H2Mg3(SiO3)4 or Mg3Si4O10(OH)2: Syn: French chalk, talcum |
| 1 Most widely used substances in baby powder 2 Origin of talc 3 succeeded in exportation overseas | 1 Hydrated magnesium silicate or TALC 2 Persian through Arabic talc 3 Indian talc |
| Talc Properties | The softest known solid, translucent to opaque White to gray to green in color(due to iron oxide) , odorless, tasteless Lubricant, has high luster but low conductivity to heat and electricity thus give its industrial value Chemically inert, sparingly soluble in dilute mineral acid, insoluble in water |
| Talc Uses | In cosmetics (Talcum powder) ,as lubricant Dusting powder for coating and dusting pills As filler in paper manufacture Astringent in baby powders to prevent rashes Filtering aid in filtration and clarification of cloudy liquids |
| Source: are clays of very fine particles usually from volcanic ash. Chemically as Hydrous magnesium-aluminum-calcium silicate called Montmorillonite | BENTONITE Syn: Whilkinite |
| The name bentonite come from local name __ for its type locality. It is the official state gem of __ | San Benito County, California |
| Bentonite Properties | Slightly greenish gray or blue, shows a light blue under the UV light Insoluble in water, HCl and H2SO4 Hexagonal crystals microscopically |
| Bentonite Uses | 1 As gemstone due to its hardness 2 As base in gels,ointments,lipsticks, depilatories and rouge 3 The less absorbent bentonite chiefly in oil industry 4 As suspending and emulsifying agents and base for plasters |
| 1 is from ancient process of pulling wool to remove oil and dust particles with a water slurry of earth. 2 Source 3 Properties | 1 FUELLER’S EARTH Syn: Floridin, Multani, Mitti 2 Mined in open quarry, it is a nonplastic type of kaolin Contains aluminum-magnesium silicate 3 White to yellowish gray, odorless, tasteless powder, swells and acquire nonplastic texture in water. |
| Fueller's Earth Uses | 1 Decolorizer for oils and other liquids 2 Clarifying and filtering agent 3 For cleansing of woolen fabrics 4 Used in preparation of dusting powders due to its absorbency |
| Source: a native form of calcium carbonate purified by elutriations | PREPARED CHALK Syn: Chalk, Creta, Paris-White, Whiting, English White |
| PREPARED CHALK COLLECTION | Mined in open quarry, pulverized and purified by elutriation The water is removed and the insoluble chalk is settled forming flat cakes known as “whiting” Further purified for pharmaceutical use |
| PREPARED CHALK properties | Colorless, odorless, white earth, soft to touch Amorphous and insoluble in water Effervesce with acids |
| PREPARED CHALK USES | Antacid, antidiarrheals Dietary supplement Dusting powder Abrasive in tooth powders & toothpastes Used in manufacture of antibiotics |
| Source: natural diatomaceous earth consisting of siliceous skeleton of fossils, purified with dil HCl washings with water and dried | KIESULGHER Syn: Diatomaceous Earth, Celite Supercel, Industrial earth |
| 1 Kiesulgher Properties 2 USES | 1 Brownish-gray to white light powder Odorless, tasteless Smooth and adheres to skin after rubbing, absorbs moisture but not slippery Does not swell in cresol 2 Filtering medium For clarification and decoloring of liquids In manufacture of tooth powders, face powders and nail polish |
| Source: is an ore and chemically contains zinc oxide with small amount of ferric oxide | CALAMINE Syn: Prepared Calamine |
| 1 Calamine USES 2 Calamine PROPERTIES | 1 Uses: Topical astringent and skin protectant Ingredient of lotions and cosmetics 2 Odorless,colorless to light pink, very fine Insoluble in water, soluble in mineral acids Contains 99% zinc oxide , 0.5% ferric oxide which gives its color Calcium should not be present for pharmaceutical purposes |
| 1 Calamine USES 2 Calamine PROPERTIES | 1 Uses: Topical astringent and skin protectant Ingredient of lotions and cosmetics 2 Odorless,colorless to light pink, very fine Insoluble in water, soluble in mineral acids Contains 99% zinc oxide , 0.5% ferric oxide which gives its color Calcium should not be present for pharmaceutical purposes |
| 1 Calamine USES 2 Calamine PROPERTIES | 1 Uses: Topical astringent and skin protectant Ingredient of lotions and cosmetics 2 Odorless,colorless to light pink, very fine Insoluble in water, soluble in mineral acids Contains 99% zinc oxide , 0.5% ferric oxide which gives its color Calcium should not be present for pharmaceutical purposes |
| 1 Calamine USES 2 Calamine PROPERTIES | 1 Uses: Topical astringent and skin protectant Ingredient of lotions and cosmetics 2 Odorless,colorless to light pink, very fine Insoluble in water, soluble in mineral acids Contains 99% zinc oxide , 0.5% ferric oxide which gives its color Calcium should not be present for pharmaceutical purposes |
| 1 Calamine USES 2 Calamine PROPERTIES | 1 Uses: Topical astringent and skin protectant Ingredient of lotions and cosmetics 2 Odorless,colorless to light pink, very fine Insoluble in water, soluble in mineral acids Contains 99% zinc oxide , 0.5% ferric oxide which gives its color Calcium should not be present for pharmaceutical purposes |
| 1 Calamine USES 2 Calamine PROPERTIES | 1 Uses: Topical astringent and skin protectant Ingredient of lotions and cosmetics 2 Odorless,colorless to light pink, very fine Insoluble in water, soluble in mineral acids Contains 99% zinc oxide , 0.5% ferric oxide which gives its color Calcium should not be present for pharmaceutical purposes |
| 1 Calamine USES 2 Calamine PROPERTIES | 1 Uses: Topical astringent and skin protectant Ingredient of lotions and cosmetics 2 Odorless,colorless to light pink, very fine Insoluble in water, soluble in mineral acids Contains 99% zinc oxide , 0.5% ferric oxide which gives its color Calcium should not be present for pharmaceutical purposes |
| 1 Calamine USES 2 Calamine PROPERTIES | 1 Uses: Topical astringent and skin protectant Ingredient of lotions and cosmetics 2 Odorless,colorless to light pink, very fine Insoluble in water, soluble in mineral acids Contains 99% zinc oxide , 0.5% ferric oxide which gives its color Calcium should not be present for pharmaceutical purposes |
| 1 Calamine USES 2 Calamine PROPERTIES | 1 Uses: Topical astringent and skin protectant Ingredient of lotions and cosmetics 2 Odorless,colorless to light pink, very fine Insoluble in water, soluble in mineral acids Contains 99% zinc oxide , 0.5% ferric oxide which gives its color Calcium should not be present for pharmaceutical purposes |
| 1 Calamine USES 2 Calamine PROPERTIES | 1 Uses: Topical astringent and skin protectant Ingredient of lotions and cosmetics 2 Odorless,colorless to light pink, very fine Insoluble in water, soluble in mineral acids Contains 99% zinc oxide , 0.5% ferric oxide which gives its color Calcium should not be present for pharmaceutical purposes |
| 1 Calamine USES 2 Calamine PROPERTIES | 1 Uses: Topical astringent and skin protectant Ingredient of lotions and cosmetics 2 Odorless,colorless to light pink, very fine Insoluble in water, soluble in mineral acids Contains 99% zinc oxide , 0.5% ferric oxide which gives its color Calcium should not be present for pharmaceutical purposes |
| 1 Calamine USES 2 Calamine PROPERTIES | 1 Uses: Topical astringent and skin protectant Ingredient of lotions and cosmetics 2 Odorless,colorless to light pink, very fine Insoluble in water, soluble in mineral acids Contains 99% zinc oxide , 0.5% ferric oxide which gives its color Calcium should not be present for pharmaceutical purposes |
| Shines brightly | Mounted in cresol and observed in dark polarized light |
| Permanent red stain | Bentonite +1% safranin in 70% alcohol |
| Deep blue color | Bentonite + 0.1% methylene blue |
| Swell, disintegrates and forms jelly-like matrix | Bentonite in Alcohol + Water |
| Calamine 1 Source and 2 Use | 1 Hemimorphite 2 Cosmetics |
| Kaolin 1 Source and 2 Use | 1 Feldspar deposits 2 Gastric Agents |
| Asbestos 1 Source and 2 Use | 1 Hornblende 2 Bacterial Filter |