Increase relaxation decrease sensitivity to pain mimic endorphins attach to specific endorphin receptors inhibit GABA= increase dopamine blocks hindbrain area= releases norepinephrine (memory storage & stress)

Effects of marijuana

Contains cannabinoids bind to specific cannabinoids receptors inhibit GABA release cannabinoid receptors abundant in hypothesis= increased appaetite

What is Botox?

Deadly neurotoxin released by bacteria in decaying body antagonist blocks release of acetylcholine neurotransmitter junction- paralysis small doses used to reduce muscle tremors& cosmetically

Sensitisation of nucleus accumbens?

Becomes more sensitive to substances after repeated use increased ability to release dopamine in response to substance reduced sensitivity to other things

Facts about withdrawal?

Craving for drug relapse causes increased sensitivity user learns drug will relieves distress associated with withdrawal crave drug even more

Describe the 2 types of alcoholism

Type 1: late onset (after 25) gradual onset equal men & women less severe type 2: early onset (before 25) rapid onset more men than women severe

How do genes effect alcoholism?

Coding for an increase in risk taking beh. coding for an increased stress response= more likely to relapse after quitting

What is depression?

Clinical/ major depression feeling extreme sadness & helplessness interfere with daily life twice as common in women than men 5% adults have clinically sig. depression

What causes depression?

Some heritability relatives more likely to suffer from anxiety, substance abuse, bulimia more common among family of women with early onset depression low serotonin turnover genes controlled serotonin (MAOA) implicated

How does MAOA affect ppl?

Short & long types having 2 short types= more likely to be depressed in response ton stressful events

Postnatal depression

20% women 0.1% long lasting runs in families normal reaction after childbirth

2 types of bipolar disorder

Unipolar disorder bipolar disorder

What is unipolar disorder?

Varying between normality & depression

What is bipolar disorder?

Varying between mania & depression

What is mania?

Restless activity, excitement, confidence increased metabolism treated with limbic salts

What is seasonal affective disorder? (SAD)

Depression associated with one season (usually winter) common near poles- long nights less severe than major depression light therapy as treatment

What is schizophrenia?

Split mind refers to division between emotional & intellectual experiences & beh. not related to multiple personality disorder show inappropriate emotional expression

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Delusions hallucinations odd emotional displays thought disorder

Negative symptoms of depression?

Poor social interaction poor speech absent facial expression

Neurodevelopmental hypothesis in schizophrenia

Abnormalities in development of NS before & after birth infections, poor nutrition, complicated delivery slight brain abnormalities

What are ventricles?

Fluid filled space in the brain

Why do brain abnormalities occur?

1. ventricles larger, less space for brain cells 2. prefrontal cortex damaged 3. cell bodies smaller in hippocampus & prefrontal cortex 4. less lateralisation than most ppl

What is lateralisation?

The development of specialised functioning in each hemisphere of the brain

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

Excess activity of dopamine synapses schizophrenia patients have twice as many receptors than other ppl normal levels of dopamine are found when measured

Glutamate hypothesis for schizophrenia

Deficient activity at glutamate synapses related to dopamine- dopamine inhibits glutamate release glutamate activates neurons that inhibit dopamine PCP & angel dust inhibit glutamate receptors & produces similar symptoms to schizophrenia

Psychiatric disorders

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