psychology ch. 13
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psychology ch. 13 - Leaderboard
psychology ch. 13 - Details
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Social psychology | Study of how people influence others' behaviour, beliefs and attitudes |
| Need-to-belong theory | Humans have a biologically based need for interpersonal connections |
| Social comparison theory | Theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others |
| Upward social comparison | Comparing to superior people |
| Downward social comparison | Comparing to inferior people |
| Mass hysteria | Outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagion |
| Collective delusions | Many people simultaneously coming or be convinced of bizarre things that are false |
| Urban legends | False stories repeated so many times that people believe them to be true |
| Social facilitation | Enhancement of performance brought about by the presence of others |
| Social disruption | A worsening of performance in the presence of others |
| Attribution | Process of assigning causes to behaviour |
| Fundamental attribution error | Tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behaviour |
| Conformity | Tendency of people to alter their behaviour as a result of group pressure |
| Deindividuation | Tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities |
| Groupthink | Emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking |
| Group polarisation | Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members |
| Cults | Group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause |
| Inoculation effect | Approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking them |
| Obedience | Adhere to instructions from those of higher authority |
| How is obedience a double-edged sword? | - society runs smooth because of obedience - obedience can cause trouble if we stop asking why we are obeying |
| Explain the Milgram Paradigm | - researcher, confederate and participant, the researcher is the 'teacher' and the confederate is the 'learner'. You do a paired-associate task, with each mistake you issue a painful shock (range of shocks) to the learner - shock will increase with each mistake |
| Pluralistic ignorance | Error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do |
| Diffusion of responsibility | Reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others |
| Social loafing | Phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups |
| Altruism | Helping others for unselfish reasons |
| Enlightenment effect | Learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better |
| Relational aggression | Form of indirect aggression prevalent in girls, involving spreading rumours, gossiping and using nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation |
| Belief | A conclusion regarding factual evidence |
| Attitude | Belief that includes an emotional component |
| Self-monitoring | Personality trait that assesses the extent to which people's behaviour reflects their true feelings and attitudes |
| Cognitive dissonance theory | Theory that states that we alter our attitudes because we experience cognitive dissonance |
| Cognitive dissonance | Unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs |
| Self-perception theory | Theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviours |
| Impression management theory | Theory that we do not really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with out attitudes |
| Foot-in-the-door techniques | Persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one |
| Door-in-the-face technique | Persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted |
| Low-ball technique | Persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price and them mentions all of the add-on costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product |
| "but you are free" technique | Persuasive technique in which we convince someone to perform a favour for us by telling them that they are free not to do it |
| Implicit egotism effect | The finding that we are more positively disposed toward people, places or things that resemble us |
| Name-letter effect | The finding that we're more positively disposed to people whose names contain the first letter of our first (or last) name |
| Prejudice | The drawing of negative conclusions about a person, group of people of situation prior to evaluating the evidence |
| Stereotype | A belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group |
| The ultimate attribution error | Assumption that behaviours among individual members of group are due to their internal dispositions |
| Adaptive conservatism | Evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different |
| In-group bias | Tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group |
| Out-group homogeneity | Tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar |
| Discrimination | Negative behaviour toward members of out-groups |
| Minimal intergroup paradigm | A laboratory method for creating groups based on arbitrary differences |
| Scapegoat hypothesis | Claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes |
| Just-world hypothesis | Claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason |
| Explicit prejudice | Unfounded negative belief of which we are aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group |
| Implicit prejudice | Unfounded negative belief of which we're unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group |
| Jigsaw classrooms | Educational approach designed to minimise prejudiced by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project |