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Was a battle that was especially significant because it boosted the morale of the American troops which encouraged more volunteers and fighters in the war for independence. In this battle George Washington led a group of just 900 soldiers across the Delaware River to defeat a garrison of Hessian mercenaries at Trenton.

Battle of trenton

This battle was another that completely changed the playing game of the Revolutionary War. After this battle the French recognized the true power of the patriots and made an alliance to help with their cause. Here the Americans were ale to get new reinforcements and they surrounded Burgoyne’s troops of just 5,800 compared to the near 17,000 patriots.

Battle of saratoga

This battle marked the end of the war, where the British General hoped to capture Virginia, but they were overwhelmed with the sheer number of American troops and French troops who not only stopped them but also exhausted their ammunition and food.

Battle of yorktown

Was the British general that was stopped by the combined force of the French and American military in the Battle of Yorktown. He was forced to surrender his entire duty which ended the war.

Lord Charles Cornwallis

This was signed to recognize America as an independent nation, set the new boundary as the Mississippi River, gave Americans rights to go into Canada (British territory), and it promised to pay the debts of British merchants for confiscated loyalist property during the war.

Treaty of paris

Described the character of a good participant in a system of government

Civic virtue

It was a term describing how women should be examples to their children especially their sons to encourage civic interest and participation.

Republican motherhood

Known as the founder of a school of thought known as British Empiricism and he also made foundational contributions to modern theories of limited, liberal government.

John Locke

Made several philosophical works that all contributed to the Enlightenment period in eighteenth century Europe.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

In this case it was the time in which emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith.

Enlightenment

It was the first attempt to create a governmental system for America after becoming an independent nation. This was known for fail miserably, but it was essential because of how it acted as a learned curve for the US government.

Articles of confederation

He was the oldest delegate and was the delegate for Pennsylvania. He helped write the Declaration of independence.

Benjamin Franklin

The rights to life, liberty, and property. Political authority was not given by God to Monarchs. Instead, it derived from social compacts that people made to preserve their natural rights.

Natural rights theory

A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws.

Republicanism

A government in which the people rule by their own consent.

Popular sovereignty

An organization that consists of a number of parties or groups united in an alliance or league.

Confederation

A system in the U.S. government that ensures no one branch becomes too powerful.

Checks and balances

A plan drafted by James Madison that was presented at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention. It designed a powerful 3 branch government, with representation in both houses of the congress tied to population; this plan would have eclipsed the voice of small states in the national government.

Virginia plan

Alternative to the Virginia Plan drafted by delegates from small, states, retaining the confederation’s single house congress with one vote per state. It shared with the Virginia Plan enhanced congressional powers to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states.

New jersey plan

The national legislature’s upper chamber (the Senate) have 2 members from each state, while seats in the lower chamber (the house of representatives) be apportioned by population.

Connecticut plan/great compromise

Three fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.

Three-fifths compromise

The body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president.

Electoral college

The branch of government having the power to make laws

Legislative branch

The branch of government charged with the execution and enforcement of laws and policies and the administration of public affairs

Executive branch

The highest federal court in the US, consisting of nine justices and taking judicial precedence over all other courts in the nation

Supreme court

A conservative political party which was the first political party in the United States. As such, under Alexander Hamilton, it dominated the national government from 1789 to 1801

Federalists

A person who opposed the adoption of the U.S. Constitution

Anti-federalists

A collection of essays written under the pseudonym “Publius” by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, addressed to “The People of the State of New York,” first published in New York City newspapers between October 1787 and August 1788. The purpose of The Federalist was to persuade New Yorkers to ratify the Constitution adopted in Philadelphia in September 1787.

The federalist papers

Lasted from 1789 to 1797.

George Washington (presidency)

French envoy to the United States. His actions on arriving in the United States led to a major political and international incident.

Edmond Genet

Led to the founding of the United States. He served in the First and Second Continental Congress. He was President of the Second Continental Congress.

John Jay

The first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship.

Bill of rights

The act established a three-part judiciary—made up of district courts, circuit courts, and the Supreme Court—and outlined the structure and jurisdiction of each branch.

Judiciary act of 1789

Political party which was the first political party in the United States

Federalist party

Letter to the US after 20-year service, he wrote it near the end of his second term

Washington's farewell address

2nd US president and was one of the founding fathers

John Adams

Diplomatic incident between French and US diplomats that resulted in a limited war known as the Quasi-War

XYZ affair

New powers to deport foreigners as well as making it harder for new immigrants to vote

Alien laws

Printing, utter, or publish any false, scandalous, and malicious writing was a crime

Sedition act

Political statement where the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took position that federal alien and sedition acts were unconstitutional

Kentucky and virginia resolutions

When Thomas Jefferson beat John Adams in the election

Revolution of 1800

Created legal structure in territories of now Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin

Northwest ordinance of 1787

An uprising of infuriated citizens against the debt crisis caused by tax collectors and the taxes implemented by the state

Shay's rebellion

Farmer and revolutionary soldier that was known for leading the Shay’s Rebellion

Daniel Shays

Former Virginian Governor who declared the Second Virginia Convention

Patrick henry

The type of legislative branch under the AoC where only one type of legislative group did the voting

Unicameral legislature

Under the constitution where both the Senate and House of Rep.s voted on new laws

Bicameral legislature

Wife of John Adams, First Second Lady of US and Second First Lady of the US

Abigail Adams

Meeting of 12 delegates of the states to discuss the flaws of the current federal government

Annapolis convention

Convention made to revise of fix the articles that instead made the constitution

Constitutional convention

Fourth President of the United States, and was a crucial founding father

James Madison

First National Treasurer and the founder of the Federalist party

Alexander Hamilton

As Sec. of State he helps figure out problems such as the national debt and the permanent location of the capital of the country. As VP he allowed the senate to openly debate and help on senate procedure and how it works today

Thomas Jefferson

It is a tax on certain item such as Alcohol or Tobacco.

Exise taxes

A tax or duty on an item or class for export or import.

Tariff

A type of government that unites separate states into one political system that can hold its own.

Federalism

The paper that officially sighed said that America is Neutral in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

Proclamation of neutrality

Treaty between the colonists and the people in the Midwest

Treaty of greenville

Resolved all the remaining issues between the United States and Great Britain

Jay treaty

Ends land dispute between the United States and Spain

Pinckney treaty

Tax protest

Whiskey rebellion

Political party founded by Thomas Jefferson

Democratic republican party

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