| What is Conservatism? (Criteria of Adequacy) | When choosing the hypothesis that fits best with ESTABLISHED BELIEFS |
| What is Simplicity? (COA) | When choosing the hypothesis that makes the FEWEST ASSUMPTIONS |
| What is Scope? (COA) | When choosing the hypothesis that EXPLAINS and PREDICTS the MOST DIVERSE PHENOMENA |
| What is fruitfulness? (COA) | When choosing the hypothesis that makes the MOST SUCCESSFUL NOVEL PREDICTIONS |
| What is Testability? (COA) | When able to PREDICT something MORE than what is predicted by the BACKGROUND THEORY ALONE |
| Creationism is testable but failed the tests to prove their claims | True |
| Evolution is testable and passed the tests to prove their factual predictions | True |
| What are necessary truths? | No situations in which they would be false |
| What are necessary falsehoods? | No situations in which they would be true |
| What is a paradigm shift? | Where the scientific community is forced to abandon the old paradigm and adopt a new one |
| What is a possibility? | A thing that may happen or be the case/ a thing that may be chosen or done out of several possible alternatives |
| What is a plausibility? | Seeming reasonable or probable |
| What is reality? | The state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them |
| What are anomalies? | Phenomena that don't seem to obey no laws |
| What is ESP? | Extrasensory Perception |
| What does 'logically impossible' mean? | Whatever is logically impossible 'cannot exist' |
| What are the 3 'Laws of Thought'? | Law of Noncontradiction, Law of Identity and Law of Excluded Middle |
| What is the 'Law of Noncontradiction'? | Nothing can both have a property and lack it at the same time (A is A and A is not A) |
| What is the 'Law of Identity'? | Everything is identical to itself (A is A, A is not B) |
| What is the 'Law of Excluded-Middle'? | For any particular property, everything either has it or lacks it (Either A or Not A) |
| What is 'logic'? | Logic is the study of correct thinking and good reasoning |
| The 'laws of thought' are referred to as the 'laws of logic'. | True |
| Anything that violates the 'laws of thought/logic' is said to be 'logically impossible'. | True |
| Gottlob Frege called 'logic', 'the study of the laws of the laws of "science"' | True |
| Law of noncontradiction- Cannot attribute both a property and its negation to a thing (self-contradictory) | True |
| Whatever is 'real' must 'obey the law of non-contradiction' | True |
| Whatever is logically impossible can exist | False. |
| Anything that violates the 'law of physics' is 'physically impossible' | True |
| Anything that is inconsistent with the laws of nature is physically possible | False. |
| proper alignment; the property possessed by something that is in correct or proper alignment | True |
| Whatever is physically possible is logically possible, but not everything that is logical is physically possible | True |
| Logical possibility is a more limited notion than physical possibility | False. |
| Why is it important to know scientific laws? | Allows us to 'understand' why things happen and 'predict' and 'control' what happens. |
| What is 'technological impossibility'? | If it is currently beyond our capabilities to accomplish |
| Something can be 'technologically impossible' but be 'physically and logically possible'. | True |
| Time travel SEEMS to violate the law of noncontradiction | True |
| Just because something is logically or physically or technologically possible, doesn't mean that it is, or ever will be, actual. | True |
| A lack of evidence is no evidence at all (Logically fallacious: Appeal to ignorance) | True |
| Just because a claim has not been conclusively refuted does not mean that it's true. | True |
| Just because a claim has not been conclusively proven does not mean that it is false (Logical fallacy: Appeal to Ignorance) | True |
| What is the meaning of a 'fallacy'? | Faulty reasoning |
| Just because you can't explain something does mean that it is supernatural | False |
| What is to 'precognize an event'? | To know what will happen before it actually does |
| What is the 'principle of causality'? | That an effect cannot precede(come before) its cause |
| How does 'Logic' help us? | It tells us how people 'should reason' if they want to avoid error and falsehood. |
| Anything that violates the laws of logic is then logically impossible | True |
| What is Criteria of Adequacy used for? | To infer to the best explanation and determine how well a hypotheses accomplishes the goal of increasing our understanding in an effort to systematise and unify our knowledge |
| How are hypotheses useful? | Produces an understanding by systematising and unifying our knowledge by bringing order and harmony to facts that seem disjointed or unrelated |
