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level: Level 1 of THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

Question	Answer
Is the scientific discipline concerned with the anatomic composition and structure of substances and the reactions they undergo.	CHEMISTRY
• Composition of all living and nonliving things • Occupies space and has mass	MATTER
• Simplest type of matter having unique chemical properties • Some are only present in only trace amounts but are still essential for life.	ELEMENT
What is the Smallest particle of an element?	ATOM
What are the 3 atomic structure?	Proton Electron Neutron
It occurs when outermost electrons are transferred or shared between atoms	CHEMICAL BONDING
• formed when an atom loses or gains electrons (protons & electrons are no longer equal) • charged particles	IONS
What are the different types of bonding?	Ionic bonding Covalent Bonding Polar Covalent Bonds Non polar Covalent bonding
It is the attraction between two oppositely charged ions . e.g. Na+ + Cl- = NaCl (table salt)	IONIC BONDING
• atoms share one or more pairs of electrons • Ex. Hydrogen molecule o Single Covalent bond (H-H) o Double Covalent bond (O=C=O)	COVALENT BONDING
• equal sharing of electrons	NON POLAR COVALENT BONDING
• unequal sharing of electrons o Ex. Water (H2O)	POLAR COVALENT BONDING
• molecules with asymmetrical electrical charge • have a positive “end” and a negative “end”	POLAR MOLECULES
• molecules with asymmetrical electrical charge • have a positive “end” and a negative “end”	POLAR MOLECULES
• symmetrical electrical charge • forms when positive end of one polar molecule is weakly attracted to negative end of another polar molecule • Weaker bond than ionic or covalent	NON POLAR MOLECULES
• When ionic compounds dissolve in water because the (+/-) charged ions are attracted to the (-/+) ends of the water molecules	DISSOCIATION
It is the term used for dissociated ions; have the capability to conduct electrical current It is also called when the salt dissolves in water.	ELECTROLYTES
This is not a chemical bonds because electrons are not transferred or shared between the atoms of the different polar molecules. The positive end of the one polar molecule can be weakly attracted to the negative end of another polar molecule, this attraction is called.	HYDROGEN BONDS
• Formed when two or more atoms chemically combine to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit. • e.g. water (H2O)	MOLECULES
• A substance from the chemical combination of two or more different types of atoms • e.g. NaCl	COMPOUNDS
It is the formation or breaking of chemical bonds	Chemical Reaction
It is the substances put into the reaction	Reactants
It is the end result of the reaction	Products
• 2 or more reactants combine to form a larger or more complex product • Energy-requiring • Represented as: A + B → AB • Collective term for all ______________ that occur in the body. • E.g.: growth and repair in the body	Synthesis Reaction
All of the synthesis reactions (building blocks) that occur in the body are colectively referred to as _______.	Anabolism/Anabolic Reaction
It is also the process to build two or more molecules when water is also a product.	Dehydration(water-out) Reaction
• reactants are broken down into smaller and less complex products • Represented as: AB → A + B • Collective term for all ___________ that occur in the body. • E.g.: digestion of food molecules in the intestine and within the cells, breakdown of fat stores, etc.	Decomposirtion Reactions
The decomposition reactions (Destructive Blocks) that occur in the body are collectively called ___________.	Catabolism/Catabolic Reaction
It is the reaction when water uses in the process to separate or break molecules.	Hydrolysis (water-breakdown) Reaction
All of the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body are collectively defined as ________.	Metabolism
• Combination of a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction. • Represented as: AB + CD → AC + BD • Proteins that speed up reactions	Exchange Reactions
• Chemical reaction that can proceed from reactants to products and vice versa • Rate of product formation is equal to the rate of reactant formation • Reaction is said to be in an EQUILIBRIUM.	Reversible Reactions
It is the Ability to do work	ENERGY
Energy in motion	KINETIC ENERGY
It is the energy stored in chemical	CHEMICAL ENERGY
It is the stored energy	POTENTIAL ENERGY
sugar found in food; used to make ATP (energy)	GLUCOSE
stored glucose; stored in liver, skeletal muscle, and fat	GLYCOGEN
energy resulting from the position or movement of objects.	MECHANICAL ENERGY
What affects Chemical Reactions?	1.Reactants 2.Concentration 3.Temperature 4.Catalysts
• donate H+ (proton) • pH below 7 • Ex. HCl (hydrochloric acid)	ACIDS
• accept H+ (proton) • pH above 7 • considered alkaline • Ex. NaOH (sodium hydroxide)	BASES
Device that measures the H+ concentration of a solution.	pH scale
what is the pH of a neutral solution?	7.0
If the human blood pH drops in its normal range,what is this condition called?	ACIDOSIS
If human blood pH rises in its normal range,what it results?	ALKALOSIS
• compound consisting of a positive ion other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH- • formed by the reaction of acids and base • E.g. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O	SALTS
• Chemical that resists changes in pH when either an acid or a base is added to a solution containing the ___.	BUFFERS
• Substances that do not contain carbon Oxygen (O2) Water (H2O) - Stabilizing body temperature - Providing protection - Facilitating chemical reactions - Transporting substances Exception: Carbon dioxide (CO2)	INORGANIC MOLECULES
• Carbon-containing molecules • Major groups: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid	ORGANIC MOLECULES
It is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body.	WATER
•It Contain C, H, O atoms • H:O is a 2:1 ratio • Ex. C6H12O6(chemical formula of glucose)	CARBOHYDRATES
It is considered the building blocks of carbohydrates. o simple sugar (1 sugar) oEx. Glucose and fructose	Monosaccharides
o 2 sugars o Ex. Glucose + fructose = sucrose oEx. Glucose + galactose=lactose	Disaccharides
o many sugars o Ex. Starch,grain,vegetables,glycogen,etc.	Polysaccharides
What are the functions of CARBOHYDRATES?	• Short-term energy storage • Converted to glucose quickly • Glucose is used to make ATP (energy) • Brain cells require glucose
It regulates chemical reactions(enzymes),serves as structural components,and cause muscle contraction.	PROTEINS
What is the building blocks of proteins?	Amino Acids
What are the functions of proteins?	• Used to make skin, hair, nails, muscles • Hemoglobin • Act as enzymes • Immune system functions • Muscle contractions (actin and myosin) • Part of cell membrane
• Contain C, H, O • No 2:1 ratio of H:O It is the substance that dissolve in nonpolar solvents,such as alcohol or acetone,but not in polar solvents,such as water. Fats,phospholipids,and steroids are example of it.	LIPIDS
What are the building blocks of Lipids?	Glycerol and fatty acids.
What are the types of lipids?	-Saturated -Unsaturated
• single covalent bonds between carbon atoms • Ex. Beef, port, whole milk, cheese, eggs	Saturated lipids
• one or more double covalent bonds between carbons • Ex. Olive oil, fish oil, sunflower oil	Unsaturated Lipids
What are the functions of Lipids?	• Long term energy storage • Insulates against heat loss • Protective cushion for organs • Cholesterol is part of the cell membrane structure
What is the most common type of fat?	Triglycerides
These are the unsaturated fats that have been chemically altered by the addition of H atoms.	Trans Fats
It is composed of a polar region containing phosphate and a nonpolar region consisting of two fatty acid chains.	Phospholipids
Because WATER is polar,other polar molecules can dissolve thus a polar molecule or region of a molecule,such as phosphate head of the phospholipid,is said to be __________.	HYDROPHILIC OR WATER SOLUBLE
Non polar molecules do not dissolve in water and so are called _________.	HYDROPHOBIC OR WATER-INSOLUBLE
What is the group of chemicals derived from fatty acids? it is made in most cells and are important REGULATORY molecules. ex. prostaglandins	EICOSANOIDS
It is composed of carbon atoms bound together into four ringlike structures.	Steroids
It is the important steroid because other steroid molecules are synthesized from it.	Cholesterol
When hydrogen bonds that maintain the shape of the protein are broken,the protein becomes nonfunctional. This change in shape is called _______,it can be caused by abnormally high temperatures or changes in pH.	DENATURATION
• Composed of C, H, O, N, P • Ex. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)	NUCLEIC ACIDS
What is the building blocks in nucleic acids and composed of nitrogen base, phosphate, and 5 carbon sugar?	NUCLEOTIDES
It is a protein catalysts that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds without the ________ being permanently changed.	ENZYMES
What is the important organic molecule found in all living organism?	ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate