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level: Level 1 of Cell Structures And their Functions

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 of Cell Structures And their Functions

Question	Answer
• Is the basic structural and functional unit of life. • All organisms are made of cells. • A highly dynamic entity	CELL
He discovered cells in a cork (1665).	Robert Hooke
He first observed red blood cells, sperm, and “animalcules”.	Anton van Leeuwenhoek
They stated that cells are the elementary particles of both plants and animals (1830).	Theodore Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
He predicted in the 1850's that "all cells come from cells."	Rudolph Virchow
It is a highly organized unit.Within cells,specialized structures called __________ perform special functions.	Organelles
What are the types of a cell?	Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Cell that have membrane-bound organelles • E.g. Plant cell and animal cell	Eukaryotic Cells
• Cells that do not have membrane-bound organelles • E.g. Unicellular organisms like bacteria	Prokaryotic Cells
List the different organelles of the cell.	Nucleus,Ribosomes -rough ER -smooth ER,Golgi apparatus,Secretory vesicles,Lysosomes,Peroxisome,Mitochondrion,Microtubule,Centrioles,Cilia,Flagella,Microvilli
• Largest organelle in the cell and it is the most inner compartment of the cell • contains chromatin (DNA); genetic information on strands called chromosomes • “control center” for cell metabolism and reproduction	NUCLEUS
Itt is the directions on how to make proteins	Chromatin
Found inside nucleus; ribosomes are made here.	Nucleolus
It make proteins (made up of RNA and protein); thought of as “factories”	Ribosomes
-clear gel like fluid inside the cell, which suspends all organelles -jelly-like substance that holds organelles	Cytoplasm
It is the extensive network of membranes.	Endoplasmic Reticulum
with ribosomes; very important in the synthesis and packaging of proteins.	Rough ER
with no visible ribosomes; important in the creation and storage of lipids and steroids	Smooth ER
sorts proteins made by the ribosomes and sends them to needed places in the cell.	Golgi Apparatus
organelles that are filled with digestive enzymes to remove waste and invading bacteria.	Lysosomes
often referred to as the “powerhouse” of the cell release energy for the cell Itconvertstheenergystoredinglucose into ATP for the cell	Mitochondria
• fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane • Store materials such as food, sugar, water, and waste products	Vacuoles
• outermost component of a cell • functions as selective barrier; enclosing cytoplasm; allows nutrients to enter the cell and waste to be removed	Cell Membrane
What is the material outside cell?	Extracellular
What is the material inside the cell?	Intracellular
Fluid mosaic model are mafe of ?	Phospholipids and Proteins
Phospholipid contains 2 regions what are they?	Polar regions & Non Polar Regions
• “heads” • hydrophilic (H2O loving) • exposed to H2O	Polar regions
• tails” • hydrophobic (H2O fearing) • away from H2O	Non polar Regions
It is a PASSIVE process which means no energy is used to make the molecules move, they have a natural KINETIC ENERGY.	Diffusion
Requires NO energy; Molecules move from area of HIGH to LOW concentration	Simple Diffusion
• Diffusion of water across a membrane • Moves from HIGH water concentration to LOW water concentration • Water is attracted to solutes (like salt) so it will also travel to areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.	Osmosis
A solution whose solute concentration is the same as the solute concentration inside the cell.Water will flow in both directions outside and inside the cell.	ISOTONIC
• A solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell.The water is going INSIDE the cell.Water is attracted to the solute inside the cell.	Hypotonic
• A solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell.The water is GOING OUT of the cell.	Hypertonic
Does not require energy Uses transport proteins to move high to low concentration Some carrier proteins do not extend through the membrane. Ex.Glucose or Amino acids moving from blood into a cell.	Facilitated Diffusion
What are the types of transport proteins?	Channel Proteins Carrier Proteins
They are embedded in the cell membrane & have a pore for materials to cross.	Channel Proteins
They can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other	Carrier Proteins
Whar are the importance of proteins to membrane functions?	Structural Support Recognition Communication Transport
• Requires energy or ATP • Moves materials from LOW to HIGH concentration • AGAINST concentration gradient • Examples: Pumping Na+ (sodium ions) out and K+ (potassium ions) in—against concentration gradients. • Called the Sodium-Potassium Pump.• 3 Na+ pumped in for every 2 K+ pumped out; creates a membrane potential.	Active Transport
• Type of active transport • Moving things OUT • Molecules are moved out of the cell by vesicles that fuse the with the plasma membrane. • This is how many hormones are secreted and how nerve cells communicate with each other.	EXOCYTOSIS
Large molecules move materials into the cell by one of three forms of __________.	Endocytosis
What are the three forms of Endocytosis?	Pinocytosis Receptor-Mediated endocytosis Phagocytosis
• Most common form of endocytosis. • Takes in dissolved molecules as a vesicle. • Cell forms an invagination • Materials dissolve in water to be brought into cell • Called “Cell Drinking”	Pinocytosis
• Some integral proteins have receptors on their surface to recognize & take in hormones, cholesterol, etc.	Receptor-Mediated endocytosis
• Used to engulf large particles such as food, bacteria, etc. into vesicles • Called “Cell Eating”	Phagocytosis
• An ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells. • Cells on the path to cell division proceed through a series of precisely timed and carefully regulated stages of growth, DNA replication, and division that produces two identical (clone) cells. • Also known as Karyokinesis	CELL CYCLE
Cell division that produces new cells for growth and tissue repair	Mitosis
Cell division that produces gametes (sex cells). ➢ Sperm cells in males ➢ Oocytes (egg cells) in females	Meiosis
What are the 2 types of cells in the body?	Somatic & Gametic Cells
It pertains to the cell composing the bulk of the body such as the nerve cell, muscle cells, kidney cell, etc.	Somatic Cells
It pertains to the reproductive cells such as the ova of female and the spermatocytes of male.	Gametic Cells
What are the 2 basic phases in Cell division?	Interphase & Mitosis
List the phases in MITOSIS.	Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
• DNA is found as thin threads of chromatin in the nucleus. • DNA replication occurs during in this phase. • Organelles, other than the nucleus, duplicate during this phase.	Interphase
migration of each set of chromosomes is complete. • The chromosomes unravel to become less distinct chromatin threads. • The nuclear envelope forms from the endoplasmic reticulum. • The nucleoli form, and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) continues to form two cells.	Telophase
• the chromosomes align in the center of the cell in association with the spindle fibers. • Some spindle fibers are attached to kinetochores in the centromere of each chromosome	Metaphase
• Mitosis is complete, and a new interphase begins. • The chromosomes have unraveled to become chromatin. • Cell division has produced two daughter cells, each with DNA that is identical to the DNA of the parent cell	Cytokinesis
-the chromatids separate, and each chromatid is -then referred to as a chromosome. -the chromosome number is double, and there are two identical sets of chromosomes. -Centriole synthesis & other raw materials needed for cell division -The chromosomes, assisted by the spindle fibers, move toward the centrioles at each end of the cell. Separation of the chromatids signals the beginning of this phase, and, by the time this phase has ended, the chromosomes have reached the poles	Anaphase
• the chromatin condenses into chromosomes. • The centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell, and the nucleolus and the nuclear envelope disappear. • Microtubules form near the centrioles and project in all directions. • Spindle fibers, project toward an invisible line called the equator and overlap with fibers from opposite centrioles.	Prophase
What are the 2 division of meiosis?	Reductional Division(2n --> n) Equational Divison (n ---> n)
It supports the cytoplasm and organelles and is involved with cell movements. It composed of microtubules,microfilaments,and intermediate filaments.	Cytoskeleton
located in the centrosome,are made of microtubules.They facilitate chromosomes movement during cell division.	Centrioles