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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
a single-function systems (opposite of ERP)	Stovepipe systems
organized collection of data in a computer system	Database
"integrated set of computer programs that: create database, maintain the elements, safeguard the data from loss or destruction, make the data available to applications, programs, and inquiries"	Database Management System (DBMS)
organize data in a conceptual arrangement	Relational Database Structure
describes one attribute of an item or entity	Field / Column
contains all the information about one item or entity	Record
set of common records	File (table)
makes up several related files/tables	Complete database
refers to how close a given data element is to being unique	Cardinality
for a record to be entered in a given table, there must already be a record in some other table(s)	Referential integrity
duplicates data to be stored at multiple locations	Replication / snapshot
stores specific records where they are most needed	Fragmentation / partitioning
the individual who has overall responsibility for developing and maintaining the database and for establishing controls to protect its integrity	DBA
describes both the physical and logical characteristics of every data element in a database	Data dictionary
a program used to display graphs and reports, changed, and otherwise controlled data from a relational database	Query Management Facility (QMF)
description of the overall logical structure of the database using data-definition language	Schema
describes a particular user’s (application’s) VIEW of a part of the database using data definition language	Subschema
software that is used to evaluate and document the structure of the database	Database mapping facility
response to the need to store not only numbers and characters but also graphics and multimedia applications	Object-oriented database
the ability to analyze large amounts of data from numerous perspectives	Online analytical processing (OLAP) / multidimensional data analysis
contains historical as well as current operating data. READ-ONLY function	Data warehouse
subset of data warehouse, created for individual busines lines or department	Data Mart
cleans up data in a database that is incorrect, incomplete or duplicated	Data cleansing
the process of analyzing data from different perspective and summarizing it into useful information	Data mining
corporate/business performance management	Enterprise Performance Management (EPM
the best known control and governance framework that addresses IT	COBIT
measures performance using capability and maturity levels	COBIT performance Management (CPM) model
methodology applied to the development of large, highly structured application systems.	System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
testing method which performs reviews, walkthrough, or inspections	Static testing
Quality control method which executes programmed code	Dynamic Testing
tests the internal structures or workings of a program	White-box testing
focuses on how well the software works. Examines functionality without any knowledge of the source code supporting the program	Black-box testing
focuses on how well the software works. Evaluation involves having knowledge of the program’s internal data structures and algorithm	Gray-box testing
The relevant control in the process of managing changes in applications/system	Program Change Control
Rethinking of how business functions are performed to provide value to customer	Business Process Reengineering
A form of machine learning technology that enables a computer to acquire knowledge and mimic the actions of the person(s) using it to perform tasks	Robotic Process Automation (RPA)
Computer software designed to perceive, reason, and understand	Artificial Intelligence (AI)
process information much like the human brain	Neural networks AI
type of AI which learn from previous, similar experiences	Case-based reasoning systems
type of AI which function on the basis of set rules	Rule-based expert systems
built-in or learned knowledge base to execute a specific, repetitive, and predictable tasks	Intelligent agents
imitates the reasoning of a human expert in a given field	Expert system
On-demand access to resources that are accessed on the internet and shared by others	Cloud Computing
All necessary tools of information system are accessible over the internet instead located within the company premises	IaaS
third-party provides both hardware and software tools	PaaS
subscription to web-based applications	SaaS
A digital database (ledger) that provides proof of who owns what at any moment in time because each transaction has been added to the ledger	Blockchain
Computerized transaction protocols that executes the terms of a contract	Smart Contracts
associated with the collection of applications, tools, and best practices that transform data into actionable information for managerial control, strategic planning, making better decisions	Business Intelligence
a tool that display information about the organization as bar graphs, pie charts. Columnar report, or any other format in business intelligence organization	Digital Dashboard
involves qualitative and quantitative methodologies and procedures to retrieve data out of data sources and then inspect the data based on data type to facilitate the decision-making process	Data Analytics
specifies the type of value and the applicable mathematical, relational and non-relational, or logical operation methodologies that can be applied without resulting in an error	Data type
search for unexpected relationship among data	Data Mining
is a measure of the FIT between the independent and dependent variables	Coefficient of determination (r2)
measures how well the linear equation represents the data.	Standard Error
assist with determining whether the sample is representative of the population	Goodness-of-fit test
is the percentage of times that a sample is expected to be representative of the population	Confidence level
the range around a sample value that is expected to contain the true population value.	Confidence interval
uses trial and error to determine the effects of changes in variable	Sensitivity Analysis
generates many examples of results based on various assumptions	Simulation
generate the individual values for a random variable	Monte Carlo Simulation
solicits opinions from experts, summarizes the opinions, and feeds the summaries back to the experts	Delphi Approach
uses data (historical, current, and predicted), statistical algorithm and machine learning to draw insights on such trends as consumer or industry behaves to provide recommendations	Predictive Analytics
encourages the data itself to reveal its underlying structure rather than prematurely applying a hypothesis or statistical method	Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
voluminous amount of structured, semi-structured, or unrestructured data	Big data
monitors the status of any process subject to acceptable or unacceptable variations during repeated operations	Statistical Control Charts
bar chart that assists managers in quality control analysis. A simple bar chart that ranks related measures in decreasing order of occurrence	Pareto Diagrams
similar to Pareto but displays a continuum for the independent variable	Histograms
the cause-and-effect diagram. Useful for studying causation	Fishbone Diagram
illustrate how tight or spread out data is	Boxplot
open source, Java-based software framework that stores large amounts of data	Hadoop
analyzes text data from the Web, comment fields, and other text-based sources	Text mining
the information system that supports routine process in an organization	Transaction processing system (TPS)
the term for determining how groups of data items in a relational structure are arranged in records in a database.	Normalization
Typically produce production report, pro forma FS, budgets, CVP analysis and other internal reports	MRS
an organized and shared collection of information about the objects and resources used by the IS organization to deliver or exchange information internally and externally.	Data Dictionary
an INTEGRATED set of computer programs that (1) create the database (2) maintain and manage the elements and data files (3) safeguard the data from loss or destruction (4) make the data available to applications, programs and inquiries	DBMS
Governance system components applied in principle to ANY circumstances	Generic component
Governance system components designed for a given purpose or context in a focus area.	Variant component
the acquisition of data that have already been created by control system within the organization	Signal reception
the final step before placing the system in live operation	User acceptance
identifies the number of tests needed to get the coverage developers want	Combinatorial test design
includes creating the system module by module until completed	Rapid application development techniques