| What is geology | Study of the earth |
| What is environmental geology | The study of the complex relationship between humans and their geological environment |
| What are the spheres of the earth | Biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, extraterrestial |
| What are some pros to minerals | Provides many products to humans, medicines, cleaners, cars, phones, provides jobs (miners, geologists, researchers, manufacturing, sales) |
| Cons to minerals | Renewable vs. non renewable (will we run out?), conservation (are we wasteful) mining ethically and morally, safe disposal |
| How do minerals form | solidification out of magma, or precipitation out of super saturated fluid |
| Definition of a mineral | naturally occurirng, inorganic crystalline solids that have a definite chemical composition and possess characteristic physical properties |
| hardness: the gorillas can flirt and five quirky things can do | 1. Talc, 2. Gypsum, 3. Calcite, 4. Fluorite, 5. Apatite 6. Feldspar 7. Quartz, 8. Topaz, 9. Corundum, 10. Diamond |
| non- metallic lustre | Adamantine (diamond), Slendent (mirror) vitreous (glassy) resinous (plastic) greasy, silky, earthy or dull |
| what is diaphaneity | minerals ability to transmit light. there are 3 kinds (transparent, translucent, opaque |
| top 8 elements found in the continental crust of the earth | O, Si, Al,Fe,Ca,Na,K,Mg |
| What are the mineral groups | Silicates( if it has silicon) Non-silicates (if there is no silicon) |
| what are some non-silicates | oxides, sulphides, sulphates, native metals, halides, carbonates, phosphates, hydroxides |
| what is a map | a visual means of communicating encoded information from the map maker to the map reader |
| Earthquake | the vibration generated by the sudden release of energy associated with the rapid movement of rock along fault |
| Fault surface | The fracture surface between one block and another along which movement occurs |
| focus | origin of earthquake that point within the earth's crust where movement first occurred |
| Seismic waves | waves of energy that travel like shock waves from the focus |
| epicenter | a location on the earth's surface directly above the focus |
| What order do seismic waves come in? | (Body waves) P waves, S waves, Surface waves (love waves, Rayleigh waves) |
| Properties of p waves | transmit through solid and fluid, 4 to 10 km/s, first waves at recording station, compression like a slinky |
| properties of S waves | secondary waves, shearing motion only through rock materials, like a rope when flicked, velocity 2 to 5 km/s, absorbed by the liquid core which creates s wave shadow zone. can cause a lot of damage |
| properties of surface waves | travel through the earth's lithosphere, can be very destructive, they form from unexpected p and s waves |
| what is a divergent boundary | tensional, spreading. Mid oceanic ridge and rift valley |
| What is a convergent boundary | coming together, collisions, the denser plate always goes underneath known as subduction |
| what are the three types of convergent boundaries | oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, continent-continent |
| What is a transform boundary | represent a break along which two plates grind past each other, associated with shallow but destructive earthquakes |
| What is another way a volcano can form | Hot spot |
| oceanic-oceanic convergent boundaries | whichever plate is older will be subducted, presence of trench, volcanism |
| oceanic-continental convergent boundaries | oceanic plate will always be subducted, benioff zone can very shallow, powerful earthquakes and explosive volcanic activity, crustal thickening in continental plate, can form mountains |
| What is a benioff zone | earthquake epicentre |
| continental-continental convergent boundary | Neither one is subducted, massive collision, major mountain building, powerful earthquakes, little volcanism |
| Magma | molten rock, has crystals and gasses within it (intrusive) |
| Lava | magma that reaches earths surface (extrusive) |
| Volcano | a vent which magma, gasses and solids are ejected, can build up to form a mountain like shape but not necessary |
| pyroclastic material | solid rock fragments ejected during an eruption |
| tephra | air born pyroclastic material, tephra varies in size (large bombs, lapilli (gravel sized) ash (finest size)) |
| magma viscosity: less viscous | more fluid like |
| magma viscosity: more viscous | less fluid like more sticky more explosive |
| Intrusive land forms | form underground, cooling of magma exposed after erosion of rocks |
| extrusive land forms | form at the surface from lava |
| is sand a rock | no it is sediment |
| what is bedrock | attached to earths crust |
| what is outcrop | exposure of bedrock at the surface |
| rock | naturally occurring, solid material comprised of aggregates of one or more minerals or solidified organic material |
| what are the 3 rock groups | igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic |
| what is the rock cycle | magma to igneous rock, to sediments to sedimentary rock to metamorphic |
| what is an igneous rock | formed by the cooling and crystallization of molten rock |
| classification of igneous rocks | rock texture (size of grains), the size of the mineral grain, colour, composition |
| what are the 3 kinds of colours of igneous rocks | felsic (light) intermediate and mafic (dark) |
| what is a felsic igneous rock | rocks like granite (intrusive) and rhyolite (extrusive) are dominated by light coloured felsic minerals like quartz and feldspar |
| what is a mafic igneous rock | gabbro and basalt dominated iron and magnesium |
| What are some other physical properties of minerals | feel, taste, magnetic, chemical reaction, smell, fluorescence |
| what are some physical properties of minerals | cleavage or fracture, density and specific gravity, hardness, colour, streak, lustre, diaphaneity |
| what is on a map | title, legend, north arrow, scale, contour lines |
| what are contour lines | special line symbols that join points of equal elavation |
| latitude has how many degrees and which direction | 0 to 90 degrees north or south |
| longitude has how many degrees and which direction | 0 to 180 east or west |
| military grid system | 6 numbers, first 3 is east west called easting next 3 north-south called northing |
| map symbols | point(location of citys, town), line( roadways or boundaries), area(colours or patterns), qualitative symbols (presence and location of phenomena) and quantitative symbols (quantities of phenomena) |
| Caldera | A volcanic crater that develops from the explosion and collapse of a composite volcano. |
| Composite cones or Statovolcanoes | intermediate in size, variable slope angles, lay dormant for long time, very explosive eruptions, |
| Cinder cones | smaller in size, shorter life span, higher angle (more steep) built of dry pyroclastic material, composition rhyolitic to andesitic |
| Shield volcanoes | largest found on earth, gentle slopes, formed from basalt |
| flood basalt | very fluid lava, ejected from a fissure, often fed from mantle plumes |
