| The cell is composed of two major parts, what are those? | Living and Non Living |
| provides the “mobility” in plants | pollen and seeds |
| an aboveground part which includes stems, leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits | shoot system |
| a belowground part composed of main roots and branches | root system |
| 2 Types of Plant tissue systems | meristematic and permanent |
| Plants consist of many different types of cells organized into tissues. These tissues are derived from specialized groups of actively dividing cells called | Meristem |
| Characteristics of meristematic tissues | The cells of meristematic tissue are similar in structure and have thin cellulose cell walls.
The cells may be round, oval, polygonal or rectangular in shape
They are compact, having no intercellular space.
There is a large nucleus and abundant cytoplasm.
The protoplasm contains very few or no vacuoles at all. |
| This type of meristem is situated at the growing tip of a dicot stems and roots i.e. at shoot apex and root apex. | Apical meristem |
| In monocots, apical meristems are located at ________ | root tips |
| As cells in apical meristems divide and elongate, shoot tips and root tips grow longer.
This increase in length is called | primary growth |
| • These are located at the base of the nodes, internodes, leaves etc.
• They are also present in between the permanent tissue.
• It produces an increase of length of organ.
• Monocots, like grasses, have intercalary meristems which allow the leaves to grow back after mowing | Intercalary meristem |
| Dividing cells responsible for the lateral growth of the plant. This is also involved in the production of tissues that makes stem bigger in diameter or girth. This is also called
secondary thickening. | Cambial Meristem |
| three main tissue types | Dermal, Ground and Vascular Tissue |
| covers and protects the plant, and controls gas exchange and water absorption (in
roots). | Dermal tissue |
| the site of photosynthesis, provides a supporting matrix for the vascular tissue, provides
structural support for the stem, and helps to store water and sugars. | Ground tissue |
| transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant. It is made of
two specialized conducting tissues: xylem and phloem. | Vascular tissue |
| specialized pores that allow gas exchange through holes in the
cuticle. | Stomata |
| Based on the function of Ground Tissue (photosynthesis in the leaves, and storage in the roots), | parenchyma |
| Based on the function of Ground Tissue (shoot support in areas of active growth), | collenchyma |
| Based on the function of Ground Tissue (shoot support in areas where growth has
ceased) | schlerenchyma |
| transports water and nutrients
from the roots to different parts of the plant, and also plays a role in structural support in the stem. | Xylem tissue |
| transports organic compounds from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the
plant. | Phloem tissue |
| a single cell type plant tissues | simple tissues |
| Tissues made from different (aggregates) cell types | complex tissues. |
| simple or complex, act together as a unit to accomplish a collective function and are derived from meristems. | Tissues |
| made of cells that are the workhorse cells of the plant body. They do the
photosynthesis, load things in and out of the vascular system, hold up the weight of the plant, store things, and generally conduct the important business and housekeeping chores needed to keep the plant body healthy and functioning. | Simple tissues |
| three types of simple tissues: | Parenchyma, Collenchyma,
and Sclerenchyma |
| most abundant and versatile cell type in plants. They have primary cell walls
which are thin and flexible, and most lack a secondary cell wall. They are usually somewhat spherical
or elongated, but they may have diverse shapes. | Parenchyma cells |
| divide and differentiate into all cell types of the plant, and are the cells responsible for rooting a cut
stem. | Parenchyma cells |
| sites of photosynthesis in leaves | parenchyma cells |
| parenchyma cells are sites of sugar or
starch storage in roots | Parenchyma Cells |
| basic metabolic functions of cells: | respiration, photosynthesis, storage, and secretion. |
| specialized parenchyma cells with air
spaces (large in stems and leaves) | aerenchyma |
| polymer that is embedded between cell wall cellulose molecules, which makes the wall
impermeable to water so that water movement occurs only through openings in the cell wall | Lignin |
| openings in the cell wall | pits |
| Crystals of many different shapes and sizes are usually made in ___________, they are commonly found inside the vacuoles of parenchyma cells. | calcium oxalate |
| are modified parenchyma cells that have many cell wall ingrowths. This enables these
cells to improve the transport of water and minerals over short distances between themselves and attached cells. They are found at the ends of files of vascular cells, where they help load and unload sugars and other substances. | Transfer cells |
| like parenchyma, lacks secondary cell walls but has thicker primary cell walls than
parenchyma. They are long and thin cells that retain the ability to stretch and elongate; this feature helps them provide structural support in growing regions of the shoot system | Collenchyma cells |
| highly abundant in elongating stems. | Collenchyma cells |
| chloroplasts of Collenchyma cells | chlorenchyma |
| The walls of collenchyma cells are composed of _________ | alternating layers of pectin and cellulose. |
| Compactly arranged, no intercellular spaces, deposition of hemicelluloses and
pectin occurs only at the crosswalls separating adjacent cells, usually found in petiole of
leaves; cell wall is thickest in two opposite sides (in the bark) | Lamellar |
| Compactly arranged, no intercellular spaces, deposition of hemicelluloses and
pectin occurs only in the angles found in stems, usually below the epidermis, forming a
region called hypodermis; cell wall is thickest in corners (herb) | Angular |
| Spherical or oval, enclose with small intercellular spaces, deposition of hemicellulos
and pectin occurs only along the border of intercellular spaces, usually found in the fruit wall | Lacunar |
| Cells that tend to have thick secondary cell walls due to lignin. They are dead at maturity. Thus, these can no longer stretch, and they provide important structural support in mature stems after growth has stopped. | Sclerenchyma |
| occur in aggregates forming a continuous cylinder around stems. They are long, narrow cells with thick, pitted cell walls and tapered ends | Fibers |
| they may connect end- to-end to form multicellular strands acting like strengthening cables like re-bar in concrete; or they can form a component of vascular tissues. . sometimes very elastic and can be stretched to a degree, but they will snap back to their original lengths. | Fibers |
| sometimes occur as sheets but they usually occur in small clusters or as solitary cells. They have many striking shapes, from elaborately branched cells, to star-shaped cells, to the simple stone cells that give a gritty texture to pear fruits. | Sclereids |
| vascular tissue system contains two types of conducting tissues that distribute water and solutes | Xylem and Phloem |
| consists of an interconnected network of
cells that traverse the entire body of the plant. | vascular system |
| complex tissue made up of different kinds of cells that work together to transport water and dissolved minerals. | Xylem |
| cell types found in xylem are: | 1. water-conducting cells--tracheids and vessel members (the latter join together end to end to
make vessels);
2. fibers, for strength and support; and
3. parenchyma cells, which help load minerals in and out of the vessel members and tracheids. |
| TAKE NOTE: Parenchyma cells are the only living cells found in xylem. (PLEASE CLICK BONUS IN THE RIGHT ANSWER) | BONUS |
| function to support xylem
tissue and hold it rigid, rather like a steel rod would be used to hold up a plastic water pipe. | Fibers |
| not living at
maturity. Before the cells die their cell wall becomes thickened with cellulose and lignin, and then the
protoplast degenerates. | Tracheary elements |
| tiny openings | pits. |
| a cell with an oblique, pointed, or transverse end. The ends of mature vessel
members are partially or completely digested away during their development to form a perforation
plate. | vessel member |
| the most common types of perforation plates | simple and scalariform |
| series of vessel members connected end to end. They are often several centimeters
long, and in some vines and trees they may be many meters in length. | vessel |
| an elongated cell with more or less pointed ends. Tracheids are joined at overlapping
ends through bordered pits, and they do not have perforation plates. Both tracheids and vessel members may be present in a single flowering plant. | tracheid |
| It is formed in the root and shoot apex very
early in organ development. | primary xylem. |
| Xylem that forms later in the development of stems and roots is
organized in cylindrical patterns | secondary xylem. |
| the tissue that transports sugar through the plant. | Phloem |
| phloem is made up of several different types of cells: | 1. sieve-tube members,
2. companion cells,
3. parenchyma and
4. fibers and/or sclereids (sometimes). |
| cells that join at their ends, to form long sieve tubes. | Sieve-tube members |
| conducting elements of the phloem, which transport sugars produced by photosynthesis in the leaves to other plant parts. | Sieve tubes |
| occurs in vascular bundles near the primary xylem in young stems and leaves and
in the vascular cylinder in roots. | Primary phloem |
| occurs outside the secondary xylem in older
stems and roots, usually in plants that live more than one year. | Secondary phloem |
| also known to play an important role in the mechanism of loading and unloading the phloem. | Companion cells |
| usually living cells that function in phloem loading and unloading. | Phloem parenchyma cells |
| The walls of mature sieve-tube members contain aggregates of small pores called | sieve areas |
| One
or more sieve areas on the end wall of a sieve-tube member is called | sieve plate |
| the conducting elements in the phloem. These cells are quite long, with tapered ends. They have sieve areas but no sieve plates at their ends. | sieve cells |
| short, living cells that act as companion cells to these sieve
cells. | Adjacent albuminous cells |
| refers to the changes that a cell undergoes structurally and biochemically so that
it can perform a specialized function. | Cell differentiation |
| originate in apical meristems and differentiate into the primary tissues. | Primary meristems |
| produce the secondary tissues, which allows vascular plants to grow very large and to great age. | secondary meristems |
| tip of root apex | Root cap |
| Protects the root apical meristem
• Outermost cell layer becomes slimy, eases the movement of the root within the soil
• Enables the geotropic growth of the root
• Outer cells are continuously worn away, adding new cells to the inner portion. As cells
disintegrate they form a strong protective cover. | Root cap |
| small, centrally located part of the RAM, divides cell at extremely slow rate- activated during acute stressreplaces the meristematic cells of the rootcap meristem | Quiscent center |
| cells divide every 12-36 h toward the edges of the concave dome | Region of cell division |
| cells undergo rapid enlargement, i.e. the cells
undergo rapid growth in length | Region of elongation |
| meristematic and elongation zones are also
referred | region of growth |
| cells undergo differentiation into
specialized cells (e.g. xylem & phloem)
• to anchor the plant
• root surface cells mature into epidermal hairs, each with root hair | Region of maturation/differentiation |
| three primary meristems that give rise to primary tissues: | protoderm, procambium, and ground meristems. |
| differentiate into the epidermis. | protoderm |
| differentiate into the cells of the primary xylem and primary phloem. | procambium |
| differentiates into the cells of the pith and cortex of stems and roots and the mesophyll of leaves. | ground meristem |
| outer (single) layer of the cells of the young root; it is developed from the
protoderm. | epidermis |
| is developed from the ground meristem; cell walls are
thickened with suberin and lignin | cortex |
| functions of the cortex | diffusion of H2O, mineral salts, and O2
from the root hairs inwards
• transport water and salts from the root hairs to the center of the root
• stores foods reserve (starch) |
| innermost layer of the cortex; it is consists of single row of cells;
cells more rectangular in shape and the side walls thickened with suberin | endodermis |
| it facilitates movement of water from the cortex to the xylem. | Casparian strips |
| single layer of thick-walled, tightly-packed cells without intercellular spaces | pericycle |
| first primary xylem elements to mature | protoxylem |
| last primary xylem elements to mature | metaxylem |
| shoot system is composed of | stem and its lateral appendages |
| provides support to the leaves, buds, and flowers, conducts water and nutrients and produce new cells in meristems | Shoot Apical Meristem |
| An alternating system of nodes, points at which leaves attach | Stem |
| stem length between nodes- plus bud and leaf –module | Internodes |
