| the peripheral nervous system involves two pathways what are they? | somatic and autonomic pathways |
| the somatic nervous system involves? | it involves skeletal muscles and reflex arc is also part of the somatic nervous system |
| what does the autonomic nervous system involve | the autonomic nervous system involves smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands |
| the autonomic nervous system has 2 sub divisions what are they | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| function of the sympathetic sub division | the function of the sympathetic nervous system is a response to stimulate the body’s stress response to a threat, a dangerous or stressful situation
Protects against an immediate threat by providing the body with the energy needed to cope with any stressful situation |
| function of the parasympathetic sub division | the function of the parasympathetic nervous system is to Attempts to conserve / save energy for the body after the threat has passed
Maintains & conserves energy levels for the body after the threat is passed |
| what pathway does the sympathetic nervous system use | the pathway the sympathetic nervous system uses is the adrenegic pathway and the neurotransmitter that is used is norepinephrine/epinephrine and sometimes ACH and the receptor is defined adrenergic (alpha and beta) |
| what pathway does the parasympathetic nervous system use | the pathway the parasympathetic nervous system uses is the cholinergic pathway and the neurotransmitter that is used is ACH (acetylcholine) and the receptor is defined as cholinergic (nicotinic and muscarinic) |
| explain the adrenergic pathway in terms of pre and post ganglions | the adrenergic pathway has a short preganglion neuron and long post, this is because it wants to get the signal as fast a possible to the effector cell |
| explain the cholinergic pathway in terms of pre and post ganglions | the cholinergic pathway has a long preganglionic neruon and short postganglionic neuron because it is restoring the balance to the body |
| how does the reflex arc work | involve 5 basic parts, receptors, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons and effectors
an example
when you touch a hot stove your receptors in your skin detect this and the sensory neurons carry an impulse to the spinal cord
an interneuron in the spinal cord connects a sensory neuron to a motor neuron
the motor neuron then carries the message to the effector causing a action to take place
in this case moving your finger of the hot stove. |
| why do you move your hand away before you feel the pain during a reflex | this is because the impulse has to travel a shorter distance to the effector compared to from the receptor to the brain |
| what is the purpose of a reflex | the purpose of most reflexes is to protect the body from harmful events that require immediate action |
| what is a reflex | a reflex is a rapid, unlearned, involuntary (autonomic) response to a stimulus (change in the environment) |
| why are higher brain centers not involved in making a reflex response | involving higher brain regions would take too long, potentially exposing the body to risks |
| explain conscious sensation | conscious sensation include sensatipns such as touch, temperature, pressure and pain |
| how is pain felt in terms of neurons | after your hand has moved from of the hot stove during the interneuron process two things happen in the spinal cord, one interneuron carries an impulse to the effector to make a reflex occur and another interneuron carries an impulse to the sensory cortex of the cerebrum to feel pain |
| explain when you touch a hot stove it take longer to feel the pain than it does your hand to automatically move away. | the signal is first sent to the spinal cord as a reflex, where was sensory signal has a longer distance to travel |
| what is voluntary movement | voluntary movement is movement you want to happen for example walking running etc, but touching a hot stove then pulling it away is involuntary but shaking it to cool it down is voluntary |
| explain voluntary movement in terms of brain usage | the motor cortex sends an impulse through interneurons to the cerebellum where motor activity is coordinated. then the impulses are sent to the spinal cord. interneurons in the spinal cord then to the motor neurons that control muscles involved in arm and hand movement |
| what part of the brain helps make voluntary movement coordinated | cerebellum is responsible for coordination |
| motor cortex of the cerebrum function | motor cortex function is sending impulses through interneurons to the cerebellum where motor movement is coordinated |
| where are memories formed in the brain | memories are formed in the prefrontal cortex of the cerebrum |
| explain why actions that require involvement of the brain happen more slowly than reflexes | it is a longer pathway to the brain than it is to the spinal cord, the sensory neurons is also one long neuron leading to the spinal cord whereas the pathway to the brain is a bunch of interneurons . |
| a patient can feel pain and can move his arm automatically moves away, but cannot voluntarily move his arm, what part of neurons are damaged | the neurons damaged is the neurons leading to the cerebellum from the motor cortex, this is because the cerebellum is involved in movement and coordination of the skeletal muscles |
| a patients arm automatically moves away but does not feel pain. she can voluntarily move her arm | the neuron pathway damage is the sensory cortex neurons, the sensory cortex is responsible for feeling pain |
| a patient does not feel any pain and his arm does not move automatically but he can voluntarily move his arm | the pathway that is damaged in the sensory cortex and motor neurons. the sensory neuron that is responsible for feeling pain and the motor neuron is responsible for involuntary movement of the arm during a reflex |
| a patients arm can move automatically but does not feel pain and cannot mover her arm | the pathway that is damaged is the sensory cortex and the cerebellum
sensory cortex is responsible for feeling pain and the cerebellum is responsible for coordination and movement of skeletal muscles |
| the sympathetic response is also known as the fight or flight response what body system does it stimulate to increase during this response | the fight flight response increases the activity of the vigrous muscles, circulatory system, and respiratory system |
| the sympathetic response is also known as the fight or flight response what body system does it inhibit to conserve energy for the more essential systems to be able to run and fight | this response inhibits body systems such as digestive system, immune system and the urinary system and reproductive system |
| fight or flight meaning | fight or flight is a response needed to prepare the body for vigorous muscle activity |
