| Elect-electricy card-heart gram-record Electro radio activity of the heart. | Electr o cardi o gram |
| hemat- blood logy-study | Hermat o logy |
| Epi-above gastric-stomach ic-pretending to below the stomach | Epi/gastri/ic |
| inflammation of the stomach . sick not feeling well. | Gast/itis |
| hypo- low, lower gastric-stomach, ic -below the stomach | Hypo/gastr/ic |
| intestine study | Gast/o/enter/ology |
| gland | Aden/o |
| joint | arthr/o |
| life | bio/o |
| cancerous, cancer, causing cancer | carcin/o |
| heart | cardi/o |
| head | cephal/o |
| cerebrum | cerebral/o |
| to cut | cis/o |
| urinary bladder | cyst |
| cell | cyt/o |
| skin | dem/o dermat/o |
| Electricity | electr/o |
| brain | encephal/o |
| intestine | enter/o |
| pertaining to | ac |
| p.t. | al |
| pain | algia |
| cell | cyte |
| exclusion, removal | ectomyw |
| blood condition | emir |
| protein | globin |
| record | gram |
| specialist | ist |
| inflammation | itis |
| process of study | logy |
| tumor, mass, swelling | oma |
| process of viewing | opsy |
| disease condition | pathy |
| instrument to see | scope |
| process of visually examine | scopy |
| no, not, without | a, an |
| self own | aut, auto |
| complete through | dia |
| within | endo |
| above, upon | epi |
| out outside of outward | ex, eco |
| excessive above, more than normal | hyper |
| under less than | hypo |
| into, in | in |
| surrounding around | peri |
| before ,forward | pro |
| back, backward, again | re |
| behind | retro |
| below, under | sub |
| across through, ex: nicotine patch | trans |
| Muscle cell-specialized for contraction
Nerve cell-specialized communication
Epitheial cell-tightly attached to one another
Fat cell- role in storage and release of energy throughout the body | Four Main Types of Cell(Mom never eats fat) |
| is a group of SIMILAR cells working to do SPECIFIC job | Tissues |
| Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Nerve tissue
(Evan can make Nachos) | Tissue Types: |
| DIFFEREENT TYPES of tissue combine to form and organ | Organs |
| GROUPS of Organs working together to perform COMPLEX function | Systems |
| regulations the internal conditions of a CELL or ORGANISM to maintain optimum conditions for function, in response to INTERNAL and EXTERNAL functions. Helps maintain optimal conditions of ENZYME and all CELL FUNCTION | Homeostatasis- staying balance |
| Survival depends on the maintenance or restoration of Homeostasis(relative constancy of the body's internal environment) All organs functions to maintain Homeostatis. Related to age; peak efficiency during young | Balance of Body Function |
| *blood glucose cencentration
*body temperature
*water levels | Homeostasis controls: |
| Negative Feedback Loop:
sense a problem and cause change and less often
Positive Feedback Loop:Amplify change
Feedback Loops-involve a sensor. A control centre and effector | Feedback Loops:Maintains Homeostasis |
| Normal-no pain
body temperature-shivering
-trying to get back warm | Negative Feedback Loop |
| Further away from Homeostasis
Oxitosis-to deliver baby
hormones | Postive Feedback Loop |
| description of any region/part of the body in a specific
stance
*body up right
*directly facing observer
*feet flat and forward
*upper limbs are at the body's sides .
*palms facing forward | Anatomical Position |
| front, in front of (same as ventral in humans) | Anterior- |
| back .In back of (same as dorsal in humans) | Posterior |
| father away from the body surface | Deep |
| near the body surface | Superficial |
| toward or nearest the trunk or nearest point of origin a structure | Proximal |
| away from or farthest from the trunk | Distal |
| towards the feet, lower below | Inferior |
| towards the head, upper and above | Superior |
| towards the midline of a structure | Medical |
| away from the midline tor towards the side of a structure | Lateral |
| Anterior Medial
Posterior. Laterial
Deep. Supine
Superficial Prone
Proximal
Distal
Inferior
Superior | Positions, Directions and Planes of Body |
| Divides front and back . Lenghtwise plane | Planes of body
Frontal(coronal) |
| Divides left and right
Midsagittal-equally divided left and right
Parasagittal-unequally divided left and right | Planes of body
Sagittal(lateral) |
| laying face up on your back | Supine |
| lying facedown on your belly | Prone |
| cross sectional or axial: divides top and bottom horizontal plane | Trasverse |
| head, neck, torso or trunk | Axial |
| upper and lower extremities including their girdles(scapula, clavicles and pelvis) | Regions of the body
Appendicular region |
| Ventral- Thoracic*Mediastinum
*Pleural Cavity
-Abdominal
- Pelvic | Body Cavities
Main devisions |
| space between the lungs, contains hear, thymus,aorta, trachea | Mediastinum-
Ventral Cavity |
| space between membranes surrounding the lungs | Pleural |
| Cranial
Spinal | Dorsal Cavity |
| spaces within the body that contains internal organs(viscera) | Body Cavities |
| Brain(organ) | Cranial Cavity |
| organs-lungs, heart ,esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus glands, aorta | Thoracic Cavity |
| stomach,larg intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver and gall bladder | Adominal Cavity |
| portions small/large intenseness, bladder, rectum, urethra, ureters, uterus and vagina in females. | Pelvic Cavity |
| Nerves of the spinal cord | Spinal Cavity |
| contains protein called hemoglobin
binds to oxygen
carries oxygen around the body | Blood Cells
Red Blood cell=erythrocytes |
| component blood
function is to react to bleeding from blood vessels injury by clumping, initiating a blood clot
have no cell nucleus | Platelets=thrombocytes |
| engulf and attacks bacteria | White Blood Cells
Neutrophil |
| fights material and viral infections | White Blood Cell
Lymphocytes |
| indictor of allergic rejections, parasites or cancer | White Blood Cell
Eosinophilis |
| indicates chronic infections or an reaction or disease. | White Blood Cell
Monocytes |
| component of blood
function is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot.
have no cell nucleus | Platets
Thrombocytes |
| Epithelial Tissue: or inside skin Forms sheets that cover or line the body
Connective Tissue: provides sturctural and functional support
Muscle Tissue: contracts to produce movement
Nervous Tissue; senses, conducts and processes information. | Tissues
Four Major Tissues and Subtypes
(Evan can make Nachos) |
| Tissues differ in the amount and kind of fluid material between cells
Matrix= extracellular matrix
It varies in amount and composition amount the various
Jelly-like; made up mostly mate with various interlocking fibres.
Epithelial tissue have verylittlemzatrix because cells are so closely connected | Matrix=ECM |
| Covers the body and man of its parts.
line various parts of the body
placed close together with little or no intercellular material between them. | Epithelial Tissue |
| Squamous: flat and scale like (beer can flattened down)
Cuboidal: cube shaped
Columnar: higher than they are wide
Transitional: Varying shapes that can stretch
(Sometimes Chris can Try) | Epithelial Tissue
Shape identified: |
| Simple: SINGLE layer of SAME shape
Stratified: MANY layers of cells | Epithelial Tissue
Categorized by cell arrangement classified as: |
| consists of a single layer of very thin and irregularly shaped cells | Simple Squamous Epithelium: |
| is SINGLE layer of cells that are on average about as high as they are wide. | Simple Cuboidal epithelium |
| consists of SEVERAL layers closely paced cells.
Common type of cancer in any organ
They protect the body against invasions by microorganisms | Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
| Is a single layer of cells that are, on average about as high as they are wide.
This does not form protective coverings but instead form tubules or other groupings | Simple Cuboidal
Epithelium |
| can be found lining the inner surface of the stomach, intestines and some ares of respiratory and reproductive tracts
"open spaces" among the cells are the goblet that produce mucus | Simple Columnar
Epithelium |
| typical of that which line the trachea or windpipe
note that the epithelium in this figure appears to be several cell layers thick, ut it is not-hence is called Pseudo(false) stratified | Pseudos Stratified
Epithelium |
| Stratified transitional Epithelium is typically found in the body areas subject to stress and must be able to stretch | Trasitional Epithelium |
| connects tissues to each other and form a supporting framework for the body as a whole and for its individuals organs
Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body. with many different types, appearances and functions
Four in skin, membranes, muscles, bones, nerve and internal organs
Relatively few cells in intercellular matrix | Connective Tissue |
| Areolar: (loose connective) tissue: Fibrous glue(fascia)that hold organs together; collagenous and elastic fibres, plus a variety of cell types.
Adipose(fat) tissue: Lipid storage, metabolism regulation; brown fat prods heat.
Reticlular tissue: Delicate net of collage finer, as in bone marrow
Dense fibrous tissue:
Bundles of strong collagen fibres: ex: tendon
Bone tissue: Matrix is calcified; functions as support and protection
Cartilage tissue: Matrix is consistency of gristle-like gel; chondrocyte is cell type.
Blood tissue: Matrix is fluid; functions are transportation and protection. | Connective Tissue Types: |
| Bone Tissue: Matrix is calcified; functions as support and protection.
Cartilage Tissue: Matrix is consistency of gristle-like gel; chondrocyte is cell type.
Blood Tissue: Matrix is fluid; functions are transportation and protection. | Connective Tissue Types: |
| Is the most widely distributed of all connective tissue types. Web of fibre.
Also called Areolar, consists of webs of fibres and a variety of cells embedded in a loose matrix | Loose Fibrous(Areolar) Connective Tissue |
| When it begins to store lipids, areolar tissue can develop into adipose tissue, or fat tissue | Adipose Tissue:fat |
| has thin delicate webs of collagen finer called reticular fibres
found in bone marrow, the spleen, and lymph nodes. | Recticular Tissue: |
| consists mainly of think bundles of strong, white collagen fibres that are packed closely together. | Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue: |
| its collagen finer bundles arranged in roughly parallel rows( makes up tendons;provides strength and flexiblity. | Tissue
Regular: |
| has its collagen finer bungles arranged in a chaotic swirl of tangled bundles(form deepest layer of skin) | Tissue
Irregular: |
| solid form of bone, makes up the outer walls of bones in the skeleton called "COMPACT BONE"
Inside each bone is a type of bone called CALLCELLOUS bone or SPONGY bone. spaces between sponge tissues makes blood cells
spaces within cancellous are filled with blood -forming HEMATOPAIETIC (Adipose tissue) | Bone Tissue |
| Chondrocytes(cartilage cells) located in many tiny spaces distorted throughout the matrix, giving cartilage the appearance of Swiss cheese. | Cartilage |
| Blood is perhaps the most unusual form of connective tissue because its matrix-blood plasma- is liquid | Blood |
| the movement specialists of the body. High degree of contractility | Muscle Tissue |
| attaches to bones also called striated or voluntary; controls
is voluntary is striations apparent when viewed under a microscope
called striated involuntary: composes hear wall-ordinarily cannot control contractions.
called NONstriated(visceral0 or involuntary. No cross striations found in blood vessels and other tube shape organs | Muscle Tissue Types:
Skeletal Muscle Tissue:
Cardiac Muscle Tissue:
Smooth Muscle Tissue: |
| voluntary
attached to bones and when contracts, produce controlled and voluntary body movements | Skeletal Muscle Tissue |
| form the walls of the heart
regular but involuntary contractions of cardiac muscle produce the heart beat.
branch and connect to various other cardiac finer branches. | Cardiac Muscle Tissue |
| smooth(visceral)muscle is said to be involuntary.
helps form the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs. such as intestines and other tube shape structures in the body. | Smooth Muscle Tissue: |
| function to provide rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions.
Two types of cells:
Nerve cells(neutrons) cell body.
Two types of processes :
One Axon
one or more dendrites
special connecting and supporting cells(gila or neuralgic)
display characteristic cell bodies and multiple cell processes. Nuclei of glia are visible as dark dots surrounding the neutron. | Nervous Tissue |
| A cell usually has three distinct areas or layers
*Membrane
*Cytoplasm & Organelles
*Nucleus | Cell Structure and Function
Three parts of a cell( My Chris is on Nights) |
| protective covering allows materials into and out of the cell=selectively permeable.
Composed of lipids and proteins(act as a channel)
Double layer phospholipids=phospholipid bilayer
Prevents hydrophilic molecules to from passing | Cell Membrane |
| Movement of substances into and out of the cell | Membrane Transport |
| Passive Transport: no energy required.
cell doesn't use energy.
1. Diffusion
2. Faciliated Diffusion
3. Osmosis
Active Transport: cell must provide metabolic energy
Does used energy
1. Protein pumps 2. Endocytosis 3. Exocytosis | Two basic Transport Methods: |
| chemicals outside a cell become concentrate moving into the cell , changing the intracellular equilibrium
High to low=with concentration on gradient.
Factors that affect diffusion
1. Temperature
2.Mass of Molecule
3.Solubility | Passive Transport |
| Spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane. passing though specific transmembrane integral proteins
proteins can change in shape to accommodate the size of the molecules. | Facililated Diffusion |
| net movement of water from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane | Osmosis: |
| Movement of materials through the cell membrane using energy
move from low concentration to high concentration.
Protein pumps
protein us ATP to pump "ions"
and small molecules against
concentration gradient. | Active Transport |
| capturing a substance/ particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane and bringing it into the cell.
vesicles fussing with plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell | Active Transport
Endocytosis: moving in (EN=IN)
Exocytosis: moving out (EX= out exit) |
| portion of cell between membrane and nucleus
Cytopalsm contains the cytosol the cyto Skelton and all organelles except nucleus
substance which organelle are suspended | Parts of Cell
Cytoplasm: liquid
Cytosol: semi liquid fluid
Organelles: found within cytoplasm some arrange into system defied by structural and or functional relationship |
| liquid portion of cell membrane | Cytoplasm: |
| up 1/3 of cell protein used for cytoskeleton
Function:
gives cell shape
provides support for cell
provides anchorage for many organelles
allows movement of vesicles and some other along protein"highways"or monorails"
helps change shape
Involves types of whole cell motility city fagella | Cyto skeleton |
| Microtubules -provides strength and function in moment of organelles. DNA (chromosomes) and Cilla and flagella provides some anchorage
Microfilaments- support cells shape by resisting pulling forces with the celll when cell contracts and relaxes
Intermediate Filaments- provide strength anchorage for organelles , movement of distance with cell and play a role in (cell to cell adhesion) | 3 Main Components of
Cytoskeleton |
| Nucleus . Surrounded by a double wall nuclear but has large pores to a low certain material to go in. Controls centre of cell , the brain cell. Contains chromatin contains DNA
*Nucleolus
*within Nucleus
*synthesizes form ribosomes Ran | Organelles: |
| consists of many interconnected sacs(cistern) into which ribosomes attached. Responsible for production of protein. Sends protein to Golgi
SER Reticulum consists of interconnected sacs that synthesizes lipids and steroids. | Organelles
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(RER)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(SER |
| Apparatus(GA)
* flattened sacs
*Received proteins from RER processes it and make it shippable(vesicle)
AKA (As know as) the "POST OFFICE)
cells with a higher level of secretion contains more GA(salvia gland and pancreatic glands) | Golgi apparatus |
| small round organelles found in the cytoplasm; formed from the "BUDDING OFF" of membrane from the ER the Golgi apparatus and or the plasma membrane.
* can be transport vesicles or secretory vesicles.
very large round organelles usually formed from the merging of many vesicles. | Vesicles:
Vacuoles: |
| contains powerful hydrolytic enzymes that take care of cleaning up the intracellular debris and other waste.
*aid in maintaining health by destroying unwanted bacteria(phagocytosis)
Found in RER or floating freeing in cytoplasm
*assist in production of enzymes and other protein needed for cell repair and reproduction. | Lysomomes:
Ribosomes: |
| contains centrioles which are involved in cell division.
(as know as )='POWER PLANT"provides 95%of the body's energy needs for cellular repair, movement and reproduction.
*Makes ATP have own DNA mtDNA | Centrosomes:
Mitochordria: |
| assembled in the nucleolus , then exported out through the nuclear pores
*ribosomal(RNA)( rRNA) one of the macromolecules required for the synthesis of ribosomes is, manufactured in the nucleolus as well.
*Function: carries out protein synthesis in two locations:
In the cytosol-for proteins that will stay in the cell, these specific ribosomes are called "FREE RIBOSOMES"
*attaches to the outside of the RER or the nuclear envelope for proteins destined for the plasma membrane or outside the cell, these are "BOUND RIBOSOMES"
*location of the ribosomes is temporary-ribosomes move from free state to a "bound state or vie versa depending on the protein that is being made. | Ribosomes Protein Factories |
| type of cell division results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parents nucleus (diploid clone) | Mitosis |
| cells may appear inactive during this stage, but they are quite active
longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates the centrites divide and protein are actively produced.
Prophase- First mitotic stage*nuceolous fades and chromatin(replicated DNA and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes.
each replicated chromosome comprises two chromatids both with the same genetic info. Micro bulls of cytoskeleton, responsible for cell shape . Motility interphase disassemble . Building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle from the region of the centrosomes.
Metaphase: tension applied by the spindle fibres aligns all chromosome in one plane at the centre of the cell.
Anaphase: spindle fiber shorten the kinetocones separate and the chromatids(daughter chromes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles. | Mitosis
Interphase:
Prophase:
Metaphase:
Anaphase: |
| Telophase-the daughter chromosomes arrive at the pole and spindle fibres that have pulled them apart disappear.
spltting cells
*the spindle fibres not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only that portion of overlap is left.
*in this region, contractile ring cleaves the cell into two daughter cells.
*mircrotubles then reorganized into two cytoskeleton for return to interphase
Mitosis(Khan Academy) I picked my today Charlie. | Mitosis
Telophase:
Cytokinesis: |
| special type of cell division used by sexual reproducing organisms to produce the games, such as sperm or egg cell.
Involes two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells with one one copy of each chromosome(haploid)
Additionally prior to division , genetic material from the paternal and material . copies of each from the paternal and material copies of each chromosomes is crossed over creating new combinations of code of each chromosome.
Later during fertilization, haploid cells produce meiosis from male to female fuse to create a cell with two copies of chromosome again "ZYGOTE" | Meiosis |
| two distant division Meiosis. Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 11
Meiosis1 is responsible for genetic diversity.
Meiosis 2 reduced the amount of DNA in the daughter cells.
end of Meiosis 2 reduces the amount of DNS in the daughter cells.
At the end of Meiosis 2 each daughter cell has 23 chromosomes.
*Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 11 both have 4 stages: PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE and TELOPHASE. | Meiosis Stages: |
| Cellular Changes:as the cell ages the plasma membrane has an increase amount of fatty acids. This structural change decreases the fluidity of the plasma membrane and reduces the transportation of the ions, nutrients, amino acids, and proteins across the membrane.
Nuclear changes-as cell ages cross linkages form between the sulphur atoms on the DNA in the nucleus of the cells . This structural change condenses the DNA which decreases the synthesis of RNA reduces the cell ability to repair enzymes and may reduce cell's ability to divide.
Cytoplasmic Change- as the cell ages the volume of cytoplasm increase enzymes that synthesize DNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and there is a gradual build of lipofuscin.
While its unclear how this directly affects the cell it is know that once the DNA migrate from the nucleus it is unable to synthesizes enzymes.
Ribosomal Changes: the cell ages the amount of ribosomal decreases.
this structural change results in a decreased level of protein synthesis | Cellular changes during Aging
Cellular Plasma Membrane Changes;
Nuclear Changes:
Cytoplasmic Changes:
Ribosomal Changes: next page |
| As the cell ages the number of mitochondrial present in a cell decreases. This structural change reduces the cell's ability to produce energy.
As the cell ages the lysosomes become less able to break down wast proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and fats. Result is a build up waste within the cell. | Cellular changes during Aging
Mitochondrial changes:
Lysomal changes |
| During cell developmental years the addition of cells helps tissue and organs grow .
in adults mitosis replaces cells that have become less functional with age or have been damaged or destroyed by illness or injury.
Many cells loose their ability to function worthy being to function abnormally.
If body cell loses its ability to control mitosis , an abnormal mass of proliferating cells develops -Neoplasm
Neoplasms that are harmless=BENIGN TUMOR(Evan)
Neoplasms there cancerous= MALIGNANT TUMOR. | Cell Division and Aging |
| GI SYSTEM
Digestive tract(gastrointestinal tract) is described as Tube that extends from mouth to anus. | DIGESTIVE SYSTEM |
| performs FOUR MAIN FUNCTIONS
Ingestion-nutrient into body
Digestion-Break down into particles
Absorption-take what we need
Elimination-get rid of what we don't need. | Digestive or gastrointestinal system |
| food materials taken into mouth
food is broken down, mechanically(chewing, stomach grinding) and chemically(acids, enzymes) as it travels through the gastroiestinal tract.
Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown of complex nutrients
*protein-amino acids
*sugars-glucose
*Fats-fatty acids or triglycerides | Ingestion
and
Digestion |
| digested food passes into the bloodstream absorbed through lining cells of the small intestine via VILLI
Nutrients travel to all cells of the body.
Cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored in food | Absorption |
| the body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream.
The large intestine concentrates feces(POOP)
The pass out of the body through the anus. | Elimination |
| wall of the digestive tube is formed by four layers of tissue(inner to outer0
MUCOSA-type varies depending on GI location (toughened stratified or delicate and simple epithelium); muscus production.
SUBMUCOSA-connective tissue layer
MUSCULARIS-circular longitudinal and oblique (in stomach) layers of muscle important in GI motility
*Peristalsis-"wavelike" movements pushes food down the tract
*Segmentation-"back and forth"movement
SEROSA-serous membrane that covers the outside of abdominal organs;it attaches the digestive tract to the wall of abdominoL pelvic cavity by forming folds called MESENTERIES | Wall of the Digestive Tract |
| The gastrointestinal tract begins with the ORAL CAVITY
consists of teeth, tongue, salivary glands | Organs of the Digestive System |
| parotid gland, sublingual gland, submandibular gland | Major Parts of the Oral cavity |
| 1) Crown 2) Root 3)Enamel 4) Dentin 5) Pulp | Anatomy of a tooth |
| *site of mechanical and chemical digestion
* beginning of starch breakdown with amylase
*Teeth-cut, grind and chew food
*Tongue-manipulate food in the mouth and place it between the teeth for chewing.
*Salivary Glands-lubricate food and start the breakdown. | functions of Oral Cavity |
| *Saliva-exocrine gland secretion which flows into ducts
*Serous type: watery and contains enzymes(salivary amylase)but no muscus
*Mucus type: thick, slippery and contains muscus but no enzymes
-lubricats food during mastication | Salivary Glands |
| *Parotid glands
-largest salivary glands
-produces serous type saliva
mumps -infections of parotids
*Submandibular glands
-mixed gland-produces both serous types and musuc type saliva
-located below mandibular angle
*Sublingual glands -produce only mucus type salvia-under tongue | Salivary Gland Types |
| is shared by respiratory and digestive
*Throat- Antomic components: Nasopharynx, Oropharyn, Laryngopharynx -voice box
Oropharynx most involved segment in digestive process of swallowing or DEGLUTITION swallowing | Pharynx |
| Epiglottis- guides food. When swallowing, prevents food from going down trachea. | Deglutition(swelling) |
| *connects pharynx to stomach
*dynmaic passageway for food
*Food enters stomach by passing through lower esophageal sphincter(LES) or cardiac sphincter | Esophagus |
| 7 meters long
Divsision-1. Duodenum, 2, Jejunum,
3.lleum
Villi in the lining of the small intestine | Small Intestine |
| Cecum-first part of large intestine. Appendix hangs off cecum
Colon-ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum | Large Insestine |
| Hepatic flexure, duodenum, transverse colon, Ascending colon, Iliocecal valve, Cecum, Appendix, Splenic flexure, jejunum, Descending colon, Ileum, Sigmoid colon, Rectum, Anus | Large Intestine Parts |
| Liver, Gallbladder, Cystic duct, Hepatic duct, Common bile duct, Duodenum, Pancreas, Pancreatic duct, Stomach, Spleen | Liver, Gallblander and pancreas diagrams |
| helps maintain normal blood glucose levels
Manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting
Releases bilirubin, a pigment in bile
Removes toxins and poisons from the blood | Liver: besides producing bile, the liver: |
| Inferior vena cava, aorta, gall bladder, common bile duct, hepatic artery, portal vein | Human Liver Anatomy Diagram |
| location: undersurface of the liver
concentrates and STORES BILE made by liver
Common Bile Duct drains bile from hepatic/cystic duct into the Duodenum. | Gallbladder: |
| Right hepatic duct, left hepatic duct, Cystic duct, common hepatic duct, common bile duct, gallbladder, Distal common bile duct. | GallBladder Anatomy Diagram |
| Endocrine and Exocrine functions.
Exocrine functions: secrets pancreatic juices from Pancreatic Duct
into the Duodenum
*Enzymes
-Amylase: breaks down starch
Lipase: breaks down fat
protease : breaks down proteins | Pancreas: |
| Pancreas-insulin, Endocrine function-Bloodstream to cells
Pancreas-enzymes, Exocrine function-Duodenum for digestion | Pancreas and its functions diagram |
| continues serous membrane lining abdominal cavity and covering abdominal organs.
Parietal layer of peritoneum line abdominal cavity;
Visceral layer peritoneum covers abdominal organs
peritoneal space lies between parietal and visceral layers | Peritoneum |
| a | Digestive Tract Diagram |
| a | Passage of Food GI Tract Diagram |
| Signs and Systems;
Diarrhea-
Movement of fecal material through the intestines too fast
Water doesn't get the chance to absorb back into the body
Constipation:
Movement of fecal material through the intestines too slow
A lot of water get absorbed back into the body. | Pathology of the GI System |
| Dysphagia-difficulty in swollening
Eructation- gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth.
Flatus-gas expelled through thanes it erupts
Hematochezia-passage of fresh, bright red blood from rectum-blood comping out.
Jaundice(icterus) yellow orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood.
Melena-black, tarry stools; fecescontaining digested blood
Nausea- unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit.
Steatorrhea-fat in the faces; foul smelling fecal matter. pail fattier | Pathology of the GI System |
| chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
It is a chronic, incurable disease and effects men and women equally
It seems to be genetically linked.
Crohn's disease can involve inflammation in any part of the digestive tract, most often in the ileum(ILETIS) | Crohn's disease |
| abnormal side pockets(outpourings) in the intestinal wall. Called DIVERTICULITIS if becomes filled with fecal matter. | Diverticulosis |
| group of gastrointestinal systems associated with stress and tension(mom) emotional induced. | IBS irritable bowel |
| chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers | Ulcerative Colitis |
| Healthy- Crohn's disease- fat wrapping, Muscle hypertrophy, Cobblestone appearance, fissures, Ulcerative colitis- Ulceration within the mucosa,spotts (ulcers) little holes. | Inflammatory Bowel Disease Diagram |
| painful, inflamed intestines | Dysentery |
| swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region. | Hemmorrihoids |
| abnormal tube like passageway near the annus cut crack little tears | Anal Fistual |
| polyps protrudes form the mucous membrane of the colon plus going. | Colonic polyps- |
| adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both | Colorectal Cancer |
| malignant tutor of the esophagus | Esophageal cancer- |
| malignant tutor of the stomach | Gastric carcinoma |
| varicose veins in stomach(grammies legs)
swollen various,variose veins at the lower end of esophagus | Esophageal varices diagram |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease(GERD)
solid and fluids return to the mouth form the stomach
heartburn is the burning sensation caused by regurgitation of hydrochloric acid from the stomach to esophagus
AKA(also know as) Acid reflux | GERD |
