| Bacteria transformed with plasmids are plated on growth medium containing ampicillin and X-gal. White colonies on the plate contain bacteria with a ____ plasmid, meaning the lacZ+ gene is ___ | recombinant; disrupted by the inserted DNA fragment |
| When cloning DNA into bacteria, the ____ | DNA sequence is inserted into a plasmid |
| A researcher wants to insert a DNA fragment into a plasmid. Which enzyme will join the two DNA molecules together? | DNA ligase |
| Identify each labeled part of the following illustration of activation transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes. Activators | A |
| Identify each labeled part of the following illustration of activation transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes. Transcription Initiation Site | F |
| Identify each labeled part of the following illustration of activation transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes. Proximal Promoter Region | D |
| Identify each labeled part of the following illustration of activation transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes. Enhancer | C |
| Identify each labeled part of the following illustration of activation transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes. Promoter | E |
| Identify each labeled part of the following illustration of activation transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes. RNA Polymerase | B |
| Identify each labeled part of the following illustration of activation transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes. Coactivator Multiprotein Complex | G |
| In agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules move towards the ____ pole because they ____ | positive; are negatively charged |
| Restriction endonucleases break ____ bonds. | phosphodiester |
| Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The figure shows the alleles present at an STR locus in two adults and four juveniles. Which of the juvenile(s) could be offspring of the adults? | juveniles 2 and 4 |
| The key elements of a PCR reaction are ____ | DNA with the target sequence to be amplified, a pair of primers, the four nucleoside triphosphates, and DNA polymerase |
| Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are used to ____ | compare the DNA sequences between individuals by looking for changes in restriction enzyme digest patterns |
| In which situation would gene cloning occur? | A DNA fragment is inserted into a plasmid, which is then introduced to a bacterium where the plasmid replicates. |
| Proteins called transcription factors are involved in ____ of transcription. | the initiation stage |
| What is the natural function of restriction endonucleases? | defense against viruses that infect bacteria |
| Why are numerous replication cycles – each performed at three difference temperatures – a necessary part of a PCR reaction? | The initial cycles do not produce many copies of the target sequence, but since the number of molecules produced doubles with each cycle, millions of copies are produced after 20-30 cycles. |
| The TATA box is a key element of the ____ of most eukaryotic protein-coding genes. | promoter |
| Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Of the fragments labeled A-D, which is the smallest? | C |
| Plasmid cloning vectors generally contain genes for which two traits? | β-galactosidase enzyme production and ampicillin resistance |
| Which component of the PCR reaction is responsible for its specificity? | the pair of DNA primers |
| If a restriction endonuclease cuts a linear DNA three times, how many fragments should there be after the DNA is subjected to electrophoresis through an agarose gel? | 4 |
| The primary difference between individual nucleated cells in a developing zygote is the ____. | differential expression of regulated genes |
| The poly(A) tail of an mRNA ____ | protects the mRNA from attack by RNA-digesting enzymes |
| Identify the correct steps for cloning a gene of interest, then arrange them in the correct order. 1. Transform the bacteria. 2. Incubate the DNA fragments and cut cloning vector with DNA ligase. 3. Use restriction enzymes to cut the gene of interest and the cloning vector. 4. Spread bacteria on medium containing lactose and ampicillin. 5. Spread bacteria on medium containing X-gal and ampicillin. | 3, 2, 1, 5 |
| Plasmids are ____ | circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from chromosomal DNA |
| In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the start codon (or initiator codon) is ____, which codes for the amino acid ____ | AUG; methionine |
| Exon | Amino-acid coding sequence retained in mature mRNA |
| Terminator | Indicates the end of transcription in prokaryotes |
| Stop codon | Indicates the end of translation |
| Promoter | Control sequence ahead of a transcription unit |
| Start codon | First codon read in translation |
| Biotechnology | Any technique applied to biological systems or living organisms to make or modify products or processes for a specific purpose |
| Cartagena Protocol Biosafety | An international agreement on the safe use and handling of GMOs. |
| Short tandom repeat | Short 2–6 bp sequences repeated in series |
| Recombinant DNA | DNA from two different sources that have been joined together into a single molecule |
| Restriction Fragments | The products of restriction endonuclease action. |
| DNA Fingerprinting | Using STR loci, this technique revealed that the source of Dolly's genomic DNA was the ewe who supplied the mammary cell |
| Restriction Endonucleases | Bacterial enzymes that recognize and cut specific DNA sequences. |
| PCR | This procedure can be described as a photocopy machine for specific DNA sequences. |
| Genetic Engineering | DNA technology used to alter genes in a cell or organism. |
| agarose gel electrophoresis | This technique is used to separate DNA molecules based on their relative sizes. |
| Transgenic | This term is used to describe organisms that have been modified to contain genetic information from an external source |
