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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
Is a sociological theory of knowledge according to which human development is socially situated and knowledge is constructed through interaction with others.	Social Constructivism
Is characterized by quite a specific conception of politics or political which it associates with contingency rather than fate, indeterminacy rather than predictability, and social construction rather than natural necessity.	Constructivism
Are at least partially constituted by actors through the subjective and inter-subjective understanding they develop to make sense of their experiences and to orient themselves towards their environment and through the behaviors to which such understanding give rise.	Constructivist social and political realities
A process intended to regulate societal behavior (i.e, supra-individual behavior) within organizations or entire societies. Is thus a human activity that installs, adapts, and changes rules and procedures in both social and political spheres	Institutionalization
A movement that advocates the transfer of mentally disabled people from public or private institutions, such as psychiatric hospitals, back to their families or into community-based homes.	De-institutionalization
are not just regulative, (though they typically rely on regulative rules for their persistence and reproduction overtime) but are genuinely constitutive of the social practice they institutionalized.	Institution
Derives directly from the ontology of institutional (as distinct from natural or brute) facts, puts constructivism at odds with other institutionalisms. Tends to squeeze out politics or reduce politics to rational and norm-driven behaviour.	Contingency
is the theory of human action, based on the notion that humans engage in purposeful behavior, as opposed to reflexive behavior and other unintentional behavior.	Praxiological approach
Biases that influence a person to selectively accept or reject ideas and impressions on the basis of their conformance with the currently held assumptions and beliefs. In situations of uncertainty, these biases tend to create a feeling of certainty that is higher than what the circumstances warrant.	Cognitive filtering
any of a broad variety of situations in which some financial assets suddenly lose a large part of their nominal value.	Financial crisis