| Hydrochloric acid | 1. What kind of acid does your stomach make? (2 pts) |
| "Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon. | 2. Please arrange the following in the order in which food would pass through them: ascending colon, jejunum, descending colon, duodenum, sigmoid colon, ileum, transverse colon. |
| Ascending, transverse, descending, & sigmoid colons | 3. Please name all of the parts in the previous question that comprise the large intestine. |
| Stomach | 4. Does your esophagus lead to your stomach, your lungs, or both your stomach and lungs? |
| Both | 5. Does your pharynx lead to your stomach, your lungs, or both your stomach and lungs? |
| HEPTIC | 6. What adjective describes things pertaining to the liver? (2 pts) |
| SEROUS | 7. Which of these is the outer layer of your alimentary canal? a. mucosa b. serous c. sub-mucosa d. muscularis |
| MUCOSA | 8. Which of these is the inner layer of your alimentary canal? a. mucosa b. serous c. sub-mucosa d. muscularis |
| PERISTALSIS | 9. What are the waves of muscle contraction that push food through the digestive tract? a. alimentaries b. chyme c. peristalsis d. gastrin e. reflux |
| SLOWER | 10. Does cholecystokinin make your stomach churn faster or slower? |
| ACTIVE | 11. Is pepsin the active or inactive form of the enzyme? |
| ACID | 12. What converts the inactive form of the enzyme in the previous question into the active form? a. acid b. food c. oxygen d. water e. CCK |
| Abnormal passage between 2 organs or between organ and outside | 13. What is a fistula? (2 pts) |
| Pancreas | 14. Which of these produces bicarbonate? a. pancreas b. liver c. small intestine d. gall bladder e. stomach |
| Neutralize acids | 15. What is the function of bicarbonate? a. digest fat b. digest proteins c. neutralize acids d. neutralize enzymes |
| Liver | 16. Which of these produces bile? a. pancreas b. liver c. small intestine d. gall bladder e. stomach |
| gall bladder | 17. Which of these stores bile as its primary function? a. pancreas b. liver c. small intestine d. gall bladder e. stomach |
| digest fat | 18. What is the function of bile? a. digest fat b. digest proteins c. neutralize acids d. neutraliz e. enzymes |
| cholesterol | 19. What is bile made from? a. acid b. fat c. cholesterol d. protein e. CCK f. food |
| Mix of food and digestive juice | 20. What is chyme? (2 pts)/31 |
| voluntary | 21. Does your somatic nervous system cover voluntary responses,involuntary responses or both? |
| slows it down | 22. Does your parasympathetic nervous system speed up your heart or slow it down? |
| To the brain | 24. Do afferent neurons send information to the brain or take it away? |
| ependymal cells | 25. Which one of these helps circulate cerebro-spinal fluid? a. Schwann cell b. ependymal cells c. microglia d. astrocytes |
| schwann cell | 26. Which one of these helps create myelin sheaths? a. Schwann cell b. ependymal cells c. microglia d. astrocytes |
| astrocytes | 27. Which one of these helps to physically support neurons? a. Schwann cell b. ependymal cells c. microglia d. astrocytes |
| microglia | 28. Which one of these acts as a phagocyte? a. Schwann cell b. ependymal cells c. microglia d. astrocytes |
| acts as an electrical insulator | 29. What is the function of myelin? (2 pts) |
| MS multiple sclerorsis | 30. Which of these diseases is caused by damage to myelin? a. multiple sclerosis (MS) b. Parkinson’s disease c. epilepsy d. cystic fibrosis (CF) |
| voltage-gated | 31. What kind of ion channel opens when a neuron’s membrane potential changes from the resting potential to threshold? a. ungated b. voltage-gated c. mechanically-gated d. chemically-gated |
| ungated | 32. Which kind of ion channel is always open? a. ungated b. voltage-gated c. mechanically-gated d. chemically-gated |
| inside | 33. In a neuron at rest, is K+ more common inside the cell, outside the cell, or is it impossible to tell? |
| -70mV | 34. What is the resting potential of a neuron? a. +30 mV b. 0 mV c. -55 mV d. -70 mV e. -90 Mv |
| -55mV | 35. What is the threshold potential of a neuron? a. +30 mV b. 0 mV c. -55 mV d. -70 mV e. -90 mV |
| inside | 36. If a neuron has a membrane potential of -80 mV, is it more negative inside the cell or outside? |
| less likely | 37. Is a neuron with a membrane potential of -80 mV more likely to fire or less likely to fire than a neuron at rest? |
| hyperpolarized | 38. If a neuron has a membrane potential of -80 mV, is it depolarized or hyperpolarized compared to a neuron at rest? |
| inhibited | 39. If a neuron has a membrane potential of -80 mV, is it inhibited or excited compared to a neuron at rest? |
| depolarization phase | 40. Which comes first in an action potential, the repolarization phase or the depolarization phase? |
| voltage-gated K+ channels | 41. Which of these opens at the start of the repolarization phase? a. voltage-gated Na+ channels b. voltage-gated K+ channels c. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels d. chemically-gated Na+channels e. chemically-gated K+channels f. chemically-gated Ca2+channels |
| voltage-gated Na+ channnels | 42. Which of these opens at the start of the depolarization phase? a. voltage-gated Na+ channels b. voltage-gated K+ channels c. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels d. chemically-gated Na+channels e. chemically-gated K+channels f. chemically-gated Ca2+channels |
| no | 43. Can you get an action potential during the absolute refractory period? |
| synapse | 44. What is the gap between neurons? a. node of Ranvier b. ion channel c. synapse d. refractory space |
| Ca2+ | 45. Which ion enters a neuron to cause the release of neurotransmitters? a. Ca2+ b. Cl2+ c. Na+ d. K+ |
| no | 46. Would you expect unmyelinated neurons to do saltatory conduction? |
| faster with myelin | 47. Do action potentials move faster down a neuron with or without myelin? |
| less likely | 48. Would an inhibitory neurotransmitter make a neuron more likely to fire or less likely? |
| hyperpolarize | 49. Would you expect an inhibitory neurotransmitter to hyperpolarize or depolarize a neuron? |
| diffusion uptake reuptake enzymatic destruction | 50. Please name one way of clearing away neurotransmitters from between neurons. (2 pts) |
| norepinephrine | 51. Which one of these neurotransmitters is primarily associated with your fight-or-flight response? a. acetyl choline (ACh) b. dopamine c. endorphins d. norepinephrine e. GABA f. nitric oxide (NO) g.serotonin h. substance P |
| acetyl choline | 52. Which one of these neurotransmitters is released on to muscles to start muscle contraction? a. acetyl choline (ACh) b. dopamine c. endorphins d. norepinephrine e. GABA f. nitric oxide (NO) g. serotonin h. substance P |
| nitric oxide (NO) | 53. Which one of these neurotransmitters is primarily associated with dilating blood vessels? a. acetyl choline (ACh) b. dopamine c. endorphins d. norepinephrine e. GABA f. nitric oxide (NO) g. serotonin h. substance P |
| SUBSTANCE P | 54. Which one of these neurotransmitters is primarily associated with causing pain? a. acetyl choline (ACh) b. dopamine c. endorphins d. norepinephrine e. GABA f. nitric oxide (NO) g. serotonin h. substance P |
| ENDORPHINS | 55. Which one of these neurotransmitters is primarily associated with pain relief? a. acetyl choline (ACh) b. dopamine c. endorphins d. norepinephrine e. GABA f. nitric oxide (NO) g. serotonin h. substance P |
| SEROTONIN | 56. Which one of these neurotransmitters is associated with functions including mood, appetite, sleep, and libido? a. acetyl choline (ACh) b. dopamine c. endorphins d. norepinephrine e. GABA f. nitric oxide (NO) g. serotonin h. substance P |
| GABA | 57. Which one of these neurotransmitters is a general nervous system inhibitor? a. acetyl choline (ACh) b. dopamine c. endorphins d. norepinephrine e. GABA f. nitric oxide g. serotonin h. substance P |
| MORE EFFECTIVE | 58. Do agonists make neurotransmitters more effective or less effective? |
| NICOTINE | 59. Nicotinic cholinergic receptors respond to acetyl choline and to what other substance? /43 |
| HCO3- | 60. What is the chemical formula for bicarbonate? a. H2CO3 b. HCO3- c. H+ d. CO2 |
| FALL | 61. If you remove H+ from your blood, would you expect carbonic acid levels to rise or fall? |
| LESS | 62. If you remove H+ from your blood, would you expect to exhale more CO2 or less CO2? |
| KEEPS pH stable | 63. In general, what is the job of the pH buffer system in your blood? (2 pts) |
| acidosis | 64. If your breathing is inhibited, would you expect to get acidosis or alkalosis?/6 |
| millimeters of mercury | 65. What does mmHg stand for? (2 pts) |
| lungs | 66. Does your trachea lead to your stomach, your lungs or both? |
| Both | 67. Does your pharynx lead to your stomach, your lungs or both? |
| nasal | 68. Which of these bones does NOT contain one of the sinuses found in your skull? a. ethmoid b. nasal c. maxilla d. frontal |
| pneumothorax | 69. Which of these is a collapsed lung? a. pneumothorax b. bends c. emphysema d. consolidation |
| emphsema | 70. Which of these comes from the loss of alveoli? a. pneumothorax b. bends c. emphysema d. consolidation |
| consolidation | 71. Which of these is fluid filling your alveoli? a. pneumothorax b. bends c. emphysema d. consolidation |
| bronchus | 72. Which of these is a tube running between your trachea and a lung? a. aspergillus b. bronchus c. alveoli d. larynx |
| chemicals that weaken hydrogen bonds | 73. Which of these best describes surfactants? a. chemicals that interfere with O2 absorption b. chemicals that interfere with removal of CO2 c. chemicals that weaken hydrogen bonds d. chemicals that strengthen H bonds e. chemicals that help coat a surface f. chemicals that stop surface coating |
| whats left after an extra deep exhalation | 74. What is your residual volume? a. normal breath b. extra deep inhalation c. extra deep exhalation d. what’s left after an extra deep exhalation |
| extra deep exhalation | 75. What is your expiratory reserve? a. normal breath b. extra deep inhalation c. extra deep exhalation d. what’s left after an extra deep exhalation |
| As the Volume of a container goes up, air pressure goes down | 76. Which of these best describes Boyle’s Law? a. As the volume of a container goes up, air pressure goes down b. As the volume of a container goes up, air pressure goes up c. As air pressure goes down, the amount of O2 dissolved in your blood goes up. d. As air pressure goes down, the amount of O2 dissolved in your blood goes down. e. As the volume of O2 goes up, O2 levels in the blood go down f. As the volume of O2 goes up, O2 levels in the blood go up |
| alveoli | 77. Which of these is where the majority of gas exchange occurs in the lungs? a. larynx b. pharynx c. bronchus d. bronchioles e. alveoli f. esophagus |
| hemoglobin | 78. What molecule carries most of the oxygen in red blood cells? (2 pts) |
| Fe | 79. Which of these elements help the molecule from the previous question carry oxygen? a. Fe b. Cu c. Ca d. H+ e. Na+ f. K+ |
| inhaling food particles | 80. How do you get aspirational pneumonia? a. Inhaling food particles b. Viral and/or bacterial infection c. inhaling irritating chemicals d. loss of surface tensions shrinking alveoli |
| yes | 81. Is CO2 carried in red blood cells? |
| larynx | 82. Which of these is your voicebox? a. bronchus b. bronchioles c. larynx d. esophagus e. alveoli f. pharynx |
| hydrogen bonds | 83. Which of these creates cohesion and adhesion of water molecules in your lungs? a. O2 b. CO2 c. hydrogen bonds d. Henry’s Law |
| exhale | 84. Do cohesion and adhesion of water molecules help you inhale, exhale or both? |
| increase | 85. Do low levels of CO2 increase or decrease the O2 saturation of blood? |
| 100F | 86. Would you expect blood to give up more O2 if it was moving through tissue that was 99°F or 100°F? |
| 6 | 87. Would you expect blood to give up more O2 if it was moving through tissue with a pH of 6 or a pH of 7? |
