| emotion | mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences |
| discrete emotion theory | theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in their biology |
| primary emotion | small number (perhaps 7) of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal |
| what are the 7 primary emotions? | happiness, disgust, sadness, surprise, fear, contempt, anger |
| secondary emotion | emotion created from a mixture of primary emotions |
| display rules | cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions |
| Duchenne smile | real smile |
| Pan Am smile | fake smile |
| cognitive theories of emotion | theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking |
| James-Lange theory of emotion | theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli |
| somatic marker theory | theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions |
| two-factor theory of emotion | theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an explanation of that arousal |
| mere exposure effect | phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favourable |
| facial feedback hypothesis | theory that blood vessels in the face feedback temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions |
| non-verbal leakage | unconscious spill over of emotions into non-verbal behaviour |
| curse of knowledge | the assumption that because we know something, another person knows it as well |
| illustrators | gestures that highlight and accentuate speech |
| manipulators | gestures in which one body part strokes, presses, bites or other ways touches another body part |
| emblems | gestures that convey conventional meanings recognised by member of a culture |
| proxemics | study of persona space |
| what are the four levels of personal space according to Hall? | 1. public distance
2. social distance
3. personal distance
4. intimate distance |
| Pinocchio response | supposedly perfect physiological or behavioural indicator of lying |
| what is the most widely use test which measures three major types of yes-no questions? | Controlled Question Test (CQT) |
| what three major types of yes-no questions does the CQT use? | 1. relevant questions
2. irrelevant questions
3. control questions |
| guilty knowledge test (GKT) | alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbour concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people do not |
| brain fingerprinting | using brain scanning techniques in combination with GKT |
| integrity test | questionnaire that presumably assess workers' tendency to steal or cheat |
| broaden and build theory | theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly |
| surprising findings that counter pop psychology? | 1. life events do not determine happiness
2. money usually does not make us happy, but in comparison to other people it can make us feel happy
3. the elderly are usually happier than younger people are
4. people on the west coast are not happier than anybody else |
| the positivity effect | tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age |
| affective forecasting | ability to predict our own and others' happiness |
| durability bias | belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do |
| hedonic treadmill | tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances |
| self-esteem | evaluation of our worth |
| positive illusions | tendencies to perceive ourselves more favourably than others do |
| positive psychology | discipline that has sought to emphasise human strengths |
| defensive pessimism | strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally over-preparing for negative outcomes |
| motivation | psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction |
| drive reduction theory | theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to act in ways that minimise aversive states |
| homeostasis | equilibrium |
| Yerkes-Dodson law | inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand and mood and performance on the other |
| approach | a predisposition towards certain stimuli |
| avoidance | a disposition away from certain stimuli |
| incentive theories | theories proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals |
| intrinsic motivation | motivation from within |
| extrinsic motivation | motivation from outside |
| primary needs | biological necessities |
| secondary needs | psychological desire |
| hierarchy of needs | model developed by Abraham Maslow proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs (critised) |
| glucostatic theory | theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose |
| leptin | hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used |
| set point | value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain |
| portion distortion | (supersizing of portions) has likely contributed to America's obesity |
| unit bias | we think in terms of unit for optimal amount |
| internal-external theory | theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues |
| bulimia nervosa | eating disorder with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight |
| anorexia nervosa | eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight |
| excitement phase | phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it |
| plateau phase | phase in human sexual response in which sexual tension builds |
| orgasm phase | phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women |
| resolution phase | phase in human sexual response following orgasm in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being |
| exotic becomes erotic | non-conforming children feel different and estranged from their peers and perceive their same-sex peers an unfamiliar and exotic, later in life this transforms to sexual attraction |
| proximity | physical nearness, a predictor of attraction |
| similarity | extent to which we have things in common with others, a predictor of attraction |
| reciprocity | rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction |
| social role theory | biological factors constrain the roles that men and women adopt |
| passionate love | love marked by powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one's partner |
| companionate love | love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one's partner |
| triangular theory of love | proposes three major elements of love |
| three major elements of love according to triangular theory of love? | 1. intimacy
2. passion
3. commitment |
