| Why do lymph nodes become swollen during an infection? | Due to the collection of foreign matter, such as bacteria |
| How much blood does the spleen store? | 500mL (1 Pint) |
| What is the function of the thymus in utero and for a few months after birth? | Helps develop the immune system |
| In particular, the thymus is responsible for the production of: | T lymphocytes |
| The thymus begins to atrophy at which stage of development? | Puberty |
| Which test is used to diagnose pernicious anemia? | Schilling test |
| Which test is replacing the Schilling test? | Magaloblastic anemia profile |
| Gastric analysis is used to determine: | Intrinsic factor output |
| What is the most common site used for bone marrow aspiration or biopsy? | Posterior iliac crest |
| What are the normal hemoglobin values in men and women? | Men: 14-18 g/dl
Women: 12-16 g/dl |
| The average adult can tolerate blood loss up to: | 500 mL |
| The body is able to compensate for less than what percentage of blood loss? | 15% |
| Which symptoms are present in a body at 20%-25% blood loss | Tachycardia, mild to moderate hypotension |
| A blood loss of 40% or more causes the body to: | Go into shock |
| What happens when the body is in shock? | Vasoconstriction occurs in blood vessels to noncritical organs like skin, muscles, and intestines; blood flow is decreased to these organs, and blood flow to vital organs is shunted (ie. heart and brain) |
| What are some signs of hypovolemia? | Anxiety
Confusion
Diaphoresis
Hypotension
Tachycardia |
| Giving one unit of RBC's should increase the Hgb level by: | 1g/dl or raise the Hct by 3% |
| A decrease in urinary output correlates to: | The amount of blood lost |
| What does the erythrocyte (RBC) look like in pernicious anemia? | Large, having an abnormal shape |
| What is the treatment for severe pernicious anemia? | 1,000 units of B12 intramuscularly for 2 weeks, and then weekly, and finally monthly for life |
| How should iron supplements be taken? | 2 hours before or after meals; avoid dairy, antacids and cholesterol medications |
| Define pancytopenic: | When red cells, white cells, and platelets (the major blood elements) in the bone marrow are reduced or absent |
| What are some common types of bleeding associated with a low platelet count? | Epistaxis, bleeding gums, petechiae, blood in stool; heavy menstrual bleeding |
| Which genes does a person with the sickle cell trait carry? | Hb-S and Hgb-A |
| What is the lifespan of an RBC affected by sickle cell disease? | 10 to 20 days |
| Which joints are particularly painful in sickle cell anemia? | Joints in the hands and feet |
| Which diagnostic test is specific in detecting sickle cell crisis or anemia? | Electrophoresis of Hgb |
| How might a patient avoid a sickle cell crisis? | Avoid high altitudes, dehydration, extreme temperatures, alcohol, and vigorous exercise |
| Secondary polycythemia is caused by: | Hypoxemia |
| Which blood disorder is characterized by hyperplasia of bone marrow? | Polycythemia vera |
| What will the skin look like in a patient with polycythemia? | Eczema and erythemic appearance |
| What is the major cause of death in polycythemia vera? | Thrombosis |
| Mandatory nursing interventions for a patient with agranulocytosis include: | Meticulous hand hygiene, universal precautions, and strict asepsis |
| Ulcerations of the mouth, nose, pharynx, vagina and rectum are found in which leukocyte disorder? | Agranulocytois |
| In relation to leukemia, bone marrow failure results from: | 1) Bone marrow overcrowding by normal cells
2)Inadequate production of normal marrow elements |
| What is one of the main ways the body maintains hemostasis? | By blood clotting or coagulation |
| What are the benefits of recombinant factor VIII in treating hemophilia? | Genetically engineered; viral safety, unlimited supply, and lower cost |
| Which drug is a synthetic form of the human antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), and is used to treat mild von Willendrand's Disease? | Desmopressin |
| Which immunoglobin is produced during multiple myeloma, and is a helpful marker to monitor the extent of the disorder? | Monoclonal protein (M protein, paraprotein) |
| A fluid intake of _____ is encouraged in a patient with multiple myeloma | 3 to 4L a day;
maintain urinary output of 1.5-2L a day |
| What diagnostic test is used to diagnose lymphedema? | Lymphoscintigraphy;
injection of radioactive substance between the first and second fingers or toes |
| Hodgkin's lymphoma affects which age groups? | Peaks at ages 15-35, and later in life at 50
*affects males twice as frequently |
| What is hemostasis? | A body process that arrests the flow of blood and prevents hemorrhage |
| What is the normal clotting time? | 3-9 min |
| What is the normal neutrophil value? | 60%-70% |
| Basophils have cytoplasmic granules that contain: | Heparin, serotonin, and histamine |
| Where is Rh factor located? | On the surface of the red blood cells |
| A blood loss of _____ mL causes stools to appear black or melenic | 50-75 mL |
| What is the average daily iron requirement? | 7-11 mg |
| What might the fingernails look like in iron deficiency anemia? | The head of a spoon |
| A newborn with sickle cell anemia is asymptomatic for the first: | 10 to 12 weeks |
| Increased folic acid is necessary in a patient with sickle cell anemia, but _______ therapy is not suggested. | Iron is not suggested |
