| exchange of blood and tissue fluid occurs in the ? | capillary beds |
| additional substances that cannot enter or return through the capillary walls are returned to the blood as ? | lymph |
| what is lymph | excess fluid left behind by capillary exchange that drains from tissue spaces |
| how is lymph transported to reenter the blood stream | through lymphatic vessels |
| what does the lymphatic system include? | lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs such as spleen and thymus |
| lymphoid organs | spleen and thymus |
| what do spleen and thymus do | help filter bodys fluid , removing harmful particles before they cause damage |
| how does lymph form | blood plasma filters out the capillaries into microscopic spaces between tissue cells |
| fluid inbetween tissue cells | intertistial fluid |
| tiny vessels that allow fluid along other substances such as dissolved protein molecule to leave the tissue spaces | lymphatic vessels |
| lymphatic and blood capillaries are formed from sheets consisting of thin layer of simple squamous epithelium called ? | endothelium |
| allows larger molecules including protein and other substances as well as fluid itself to enter the vessel and return to gen circulation | lymphatic capillary |
| the movement of lymph in the lymphatic vessels is | one way |
| lymph flowing through the lymphatic capillaries next move into large and larger vessels known as | lymphatic venules and lymphatic vein |
| where do the lymphatic vessels (lymphatic venules and lymphatic vein) empty into | right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct |
| fluid filtered from blood plasma that is not reabsorbed by blood vessels drains into | lymphatic vessels |
| thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct | return their lymph into the blood in large veins of the neck region |
| lymph from 3/4ths of the body drains into | thoracic duct |
| largest lymphatic vessel in the body ? | thoracic duct |
| lymph from the right upper extremity and from the right side of the head , neck and upper torso flows into | the right lymphatic duct |
| serves as temporary holding area for lymph moving toward its point of entry into the veins | Cisterna chyli |
| lymphatic capillaries in the wall of the small intestine | lacteals |
| what does lacteal transport | transports fats obtained from the digestive food to the blood stream |
| abnormal condition in which tissues exhibit swelling because of accumulation of lymph | lymphedema |
| what us the inflammation of lymphatic vessels that are characterized by thin red streaks extending from and infected region | lymphangitis |
| what is septicemia ( can cause possible death from septic shock) | blood poisoning |
| lymphedema causes by prolonged infestation by filaria worms and produces elephant like limbs | elephantiasis |
| what are the lymphoid organs | lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils |
| provides immune defense and development of immune cells | lymphoid organs |
| as lymph travels from its origin in the tissue spaces towards the thoracic or right lymphatic duct and then into the venous blood it is filtered by way of trickling through | lymph nodes |
| where are lymph nodes located | in clusters along the pathway of lymphatic vessels |
| lymph nodes perform biological filtration a process in which | phagocytic cells alter the contents of the filtered fluid |
| biological filtration of bacteria and other abnormal cells by phagocytosis helps prevent | local infections from spreading |
| lymph enters the node through one or more | afferent(meaning toward) lymphatic vessels |
| the core of each nodule where new immune cells are produced | germinal center |
| lymph exits from the node through one or more | efferent lymphatic vessels |
| cells from a tumerous growth in the breast often spread to areas of the body by a process caleld | metastasis |
| a small lymphoid organ located in the mediastinum ,extending upward toward the middle of the neck. composed of lymphocytes largest at puberty | thymus |
| thymus glands does most work | before and after birth |
| source of lymphocytes before birth and is then especially important in the maturation of a type of lymphocyte | thymus |
| critical to functioning of the immune system | T lymphocytes or T cells |
| group of hormones secreted by the thymus influence the development of T cells | thymosins |
| process by which the thymus is replaced by fat and connective tissue | involution |
| masses of lymphoid tissues located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and throat , help protect us against bacteria that may invade tissues in the are around the opening of the nasal and oral cavities | tonsils |
| located one ach side of the throat and maybe removed surgically | palatine tonsils |
| first line of defense from exterior and subject to chronic infection or tonsilities | tonsil |
| largest lymphoid organ in the body located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen protected by lower ribs | spleen |
| serves as a reservoir for blood that can be returned to the cardiovascular system when needed and destroys worn out RBC | the spleen |
| serves as a reservoir for monocytes which can quickly leave the spleen to help repair damaged tissue | white pulp of the spleen |
| an abnormal spleen enlargement( example- scarlet fever, syphilis, typhoid) | spenomegaly |
| lymphatic tumors | lymphoma |
| body's overall defense system is called | immune system |
| maintained by mechanisms that attacks any irritant or abnormal substance and we are born with these defenses | innate immunity( nonspecific immunity ) |
| a set of innate responses that often occurs in the body | inflammatory response |
| chemicals released from cells to act as direct agent of innate non specific immunity | cytokines |
| signs of inflammation | heat,redness,pain,swelling |
| a systemic inflammatory response may be manifested by | a fever |
| does most work of the immune system | WBC |
| intentional exposure to the causative agent such as vaccines, activates the immune system | artificial active immunity |
| many of cytokines are proteins called | interleukins |
| protein compounds normally available in the body | antibodies(immunoglobins) |
| neutrophils,monocytes,macrophages,dendrite cells | phagocytes |
| natural killer cells(NK) cells, T lymphocytes, b lymphocytes | lymphocytes |
| most abundant immune cells in the body | neutrophils |
| complement molecules activated by antibodies from doughnut shaped complexes | complement cascades |
| produce humoral immunity (resistance to disease organisms produced by the action of the antibodies | bcells |
| produce well mediated immunity | T cells |
| hypersensitivity of the immune system to harmless environmental antigens | allergy |
| antigens that trigger allergic response | antigens |
| inappropriate and excessive response to self antigens | autoimmunity |
| excessive reaction of the immune system to antigens from a different individual of the same species | alloimmunity |
