| A patient with acute prostatitis should allow the prostate to rest by avoiding ________ and _______. | Sexual arousal and intercourse |
| Intercourse may be beneficial in a patient with _______ _________. | Chronic prostatitis |
| What is prostatodynia? | Pain in the prostate gland |
| Inflammation of the structures of the kidney is called _______. | Pyelonephritis |
| What is azotemia? | The retention of excessive amounts of nitrogenous compounds in the blood |
| Azotemia develops if enough nephrons are _________. | Nonfunctional |
| A patient with pyelonephritis will have pain in the _____________. | Costovertebral angle |
| Where is the CVA located? | Either side of the back by the twelfth rib and spinal column |
| Which diagnostic imaging tests are usually not performed in a person with acute pyelonephritis? | IVP
CT scan requiring contrast materials |
| What kind of acute pain is a classic symptom of renal calculi? | Renal colic |
| If hydronephrosis is left untreated, the kidney may be ________. | Destroyed |
| What causes hydronephrosis? | Obstructions in the lower urinary tract, ureters or kidneys |
| What is micturition? | Voiding |
| The formation of urinary calculi is called ________. | Urolithiasis |
| A cystolithiasis is a __________. | Bladder stone |
| The term lithogenesis refers to ____________. | The formation of stones |
| List medications linked to stone formation: | Diuretics
Antacids (calcium-based)
Topiramate |
| Which diet is recommended to prevent stone formation, and is better than the traditional low-calcium diet? | Restriction of animal protein and salt, with normal calcium intake |
| Factors predisposing a patient to kidney stone formation include: | Immobility
Obesity
Family history
Male gender
Hyperparathyroidism
UTI's |
| The majority of renal tumors are _________ | Renal cell carcinomas (malignant adenocarcinomas) |
| The strongest risk factor for renal tumors seem to be _______. | Genetic |
| What are the most common sites of metastases in a patient with a renal adenocarcinoma (renal tumor)? | Lungs
Adrenal glands
Liver
Bones |
| What is rarely sign of renal adenocarcinoma until the malignancy is advanced? | Gross hematuria (visible blood in the urine) |
| What kind of biopsy of a renal mass is rarely done? | Percutaneous biopsy |
| What kind of therapy has little or no role in the treatment of renal adenocarcinoma? | Radiation |
| What is the standard procedure of a renal adenocarcinoma? | Radical nephrectomy with removal of adjacent lymph nodes in the tissue |
| Patients with renal cysts have a higher incidence of _______________. | Renal carcinoma |
| What is the most common site for renal cysts? | The collecting ducts |
| What is the most common site of cancer in the urinary tract? | The bladder |
| What is the average age of diagnosis of bladder cancer? | 73 years old |
| What is the most common type of bladder cancer? | Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) |
| What is the primary sign of bladder cancer? | Painless hematuria |
| BPH is common in men older than ___. | 50 years old |
| What is the standard surgical procedure for BPH? | Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) |
| How does cancer of the prostate usually start? | As a nodule on the posterior portion of the prostate without noticeable symptoms |
| Frequent sites of metastasis of cancer of the prostate are: | Pelvic lymph nodes
Bone |
| Men should have a yearly PSA and digital rectal exam starting at the age of ___ | 50 or 45 if at high risk |
| The treatment in which a radioactive seed is placed directly into the prostate gland is called _______. | Brachytherapy |
| What are the 3 goals of radical prostatectomy? | 1. Removal of the entire tumor
2. Preservation of urine control
3. Maintenance of sexual function |
| What is the grading system used to grade prostate cancer? | The Gleason system |
| If urinary tract trauma is severe, it may be necessary to remove which urinary structures? | Kidney or bladder |
| What is the most common sign of nephrotic syndrome? | Excess fluid in the body |
| Which two events might precipitate nephrotic syndrome? | Upper respiratory tract infection
Allergic reaction |
| What is anasarca? | Severe generalized edema |
| Nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis) causes the urine to be _____. | Foamy |
| Nephritis is characterized by ____________. | Inflammation of the kidney |
| Acute glomerulonephritis is commonly preceded by _________. | An infection
(ie. sore throat or skin infection 2-3 weeks earlier) |
| When can a patient with nephritis resume normal activities? | When the urine is free from albumin and RBSs for 1 month |
| When is a patient with nephritis considered cured? | Urine is free of albumin and RBCs for 6 months |
| Where will noticeable swelling occur in a patient with acute glomerulonephritis? | Face, especially around the eyes |
| Slow, progressive destruction of glomeruli with related loss of function is seen in ______________. | Chronic glomerulonephritis |
| What happens to the kidneys in chronic glomerulonephritis? | They atrophy (decrease in size) |
| What is the most common cause of renal failure? | Diabetes mellitus |
| What are the phases of acute renal failure? (ARF) | Oliguric phase
Diuretic phase
Recovery phase |
| Chronic renal failure (end stage renal disease) occurs when the kidneys ___________________. | Are unable to regain normal function |
| What is needed to maintain life for a patient with ESRD (end stage renal disease)? | Kidney transplant or dialysis |
| How much daily protein does a patient on dialysis need? | 8 to 10 g |
| Which mineral/electrolyte is retained in a patient with ARF? | Potassium |
| What does dialysis mimic? | Kidney function |
| Hemodialysis is used for patients with: | Acute or irreversible renal failure and fluid and electrolyte imbalances |
| How often is hemodialysis scheduled? | 3 times a week for 3-6 hours |
| How often is peritoneal dialysis performed? | 4 times a day, 7 days a week |
| What is produced as a result of the breakdown of protein? | Nitrogenous waste |
| What does nitrogenous waste consist of? | Urea, ammonia, creatinine |
| The kidneys lie behind the ______ _______. | Parietal peritoneum |
| The ureter exists the kidney through the ______. | Hilus |
| What are the 2 types of neurogenic bladder? | Flaccid
Spastic |
| How long may it take for a thiazide diuretic to have full antihypertensive effect? | 1 month |
| Which diuretic is used during acute renal failure, but is contraindicated in advanced stages | Osmotic diuretics |
| What is an example of an osmotic diuretic? | Mannitol |
| Ciprofloxacin is an example of a ________ | Fluoroquinolone |
| A Foley catheter has a _______ near its tip, holding the catheter in the bladder for continuous drainage | Balloon |
| Specimen collection from a catheter should be done with a ___mL syringe | 10mL |
| Urge incontinence is associated with which conditions? | Parkinson's and Alzheimer's |
| An injection of ______ may be used to manage overactive bladder | Botox |
| What is a common example of an aldosterone antagonist diuretic? | Spironolactone (Aldactone) |
| Triamterene (Dyrenium) is an example of what kind of potassium sparing diuretic? | Nonaldosterone antagonist |
