| What are the 5 antibodies | IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD |
| What are the 2 types of lymphocytes? | B and T cells |
| What causes the body to go into attack mode? | Presence of antigen |
| What substance in the body has such a low pH that it kills pathogens that enter? | Stomach acid |
| What type of disease is lupus/rheumatoid arthritis | Autoimmune disease |
| If you’re born with a malfunctioning thymus gland, what is the problem? | Low T cell production, weak immune system |
| What do high levels of IgM mean? | Fighting an infection for the first time |
| If you had mumps as a child and you come in contact as an adult, why won’t you get it? | Natural active |
| How many litres of lymph flow through the body a day? | three |
| Which tonsils are called adenoids when swollen | Pharyngeal tonsils |
| What are the lymph nodes called in the underarm area | Axillary |
| B cells are classified as what type of immunity? | Humoral Immunity |
| Specific immunity is controlled by what 2 cells? | B cells and T cells |
| The ability of our immune system to attack foreign cells but spare our own cells is called | Self tolerance |
| How do you activate an inactive B cell? | exposure to an antigen |
| What antibody is present in our mucus membranes? | IgA |
| What is the cisterna chyli? | Where the thoracic ducts starts |
| What are the lymph nodes in your neck called | Cervical lymph nodes |
| What are the 2 functions of lymph nodes | Defense and hematopoiesis |
| The main difference between lymph fluid and plasma | Plasma has more protein |
| What are 3 functions of the spleen? | Defense, tissue repair, hematopoiesis |
| You’re in a serious car accident, pain in the left hypochondrium area, BP is plummeting, what organ is likely damaged? | Spleen |
| Why do you have to suppress someone's immune system after an organ transplant? | So it doesn’t attack the new organ |
| What blood vessels does lymph drain into | Subclavian |
| What happens to the spleen in a mononucleosis infection? | It gets enlarged |
| What’s another name for adaptive immunity? | Acquired or specific immunity |
| What are 3 differences between a lymph vessel and a vein? | Lymph vessels have thinner walls, have lymph nodes, and have more valves |
| ¾ of our lymph drain into this vessel? | Thoracic duct |
| What % of lymph from the breasts drains into the axillary area | 85% |
| How do lymphocytes decide which antigen to bind to | Specific receptor sites on their surface |
| What’s the most numerous phagocytic cells in our body | Neutrophils |
| What substance in the body destroys pathogens through hydrolysis? | Enzymes |
| The most abundant antibody in our plasma? | IgG |
| How do we move lymph around the body? | Same as venous circulation - skeletal muscle, respiration, one-way valves |
| The lymph nodes at the elbow | Cubital |
| What antibody is released after the initial contact with an antigen? | IgM |
| What are lacteals? | Lymphatic vessels in our small intestine |
| What are the tonsils at the base of the tongue called? | Lingual tonsils |
| Which lymph vessel has the highest % of protein in it? | Thoracic duct |
| What tonsils are located at the posterior opening of the oral cavity? | Pharyngeal tonsils |
| Interferon helps prevent the spread of what in our body? | Viral infections |
| What is the antibody present in secondary responses? | IgG |
| This antibody is elevated in allergic responses and parasitic infections? | IgE |
| What lymph vessel enters a lymph node? | Afferent |
| What blood cells can develop in lymph nodes and spleen? | Lymphocytes and monocytes |
| The lymph nodes in the groin area? | Inguinal |
| What region is the thymus located in | Mediastinum |
| What happens to the thymus gland as we age? | Gets fatty - turns yellow and fibrous |
| Describe the function of interferon. | protein synthesized/ released into circulation by certain cells when invaded by viruses
this signals nearby cells to enter a protective antiviral state |
| Define what a compliment is and its functions with regard to immunity. | a component of blood plasma consisting of several protein compounds -inactive enzymes- it is activated when the immune system is activated. Exposes antigens binding site and then a cascade of chemical reactions are produced: |
| Membrane attack complex (MAC) | Activated by complement process - are doughnut shaped; produce holes in foreign cell's membrane leading to cytolysis, also causes vasodilation, enhances phagocytosis, and other effects |
| Specific immunity | protective mechanisms that are able to recognize , remember, and destroy specific types of bacteria or toxins |
| Non-specific immunity | mechanisms that resist various threatening agents or conditions, not just certain ones |
| Clonal selection theory | When an antigen enters the body it selects the clone cells synthesizing the antibody -T and B cells become activated and multiply so they can create more antibody |
| Effector T cells | go to the site where the antigen entered, bind to antigens, and begin their attack |
| Memory T cells | remain in bone marrow until needed later to produce more effector T cells and T memory cells. |
| B memory cells | rapidly divide, producing more plasma cells and thus more antibodies. |
| Phagocytes | ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles
Cells responsible: lymphocytes called T cells and B cells. |
| Mechanical and Chemical barriers | first line of defense - skin and mucous membranes
Cells responsible: epithelial barrier cells |
| Inflammation and fever | inflammatory - tissue damage responses to counteract injury
fever - triggered from inflammation - promotes prostaglandin production
Cells responsible: phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, DCs) |
| three line of defense | Mechanical and Chemical barriers,Inflammation and fever ,Phagocytosis |
| describe the location of the major lymph nodes | preauricular -behind ear.cheeks- , submental -under mandible-, submaxillary, superficial cervical- neck-, superficial cubital- elbow-, axillary- armpit-, iliac- pelvic-, inguinal- groin- |
| Locations of tonsils | palatine - located on each side of throat
Pharyngeal - located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity
Lingual - located near base of tongue
Tubal - located near openings of auditory tubes |
| Compared veins to lymphatic vessels? | are similar to veins but have more valves, thinner walls and contain lymph nodes. |
| Compare lymph capillaries to lymphatic vessels | lymph capillaries are where lymphatic vessels originate, wall is single layer, and branch anastomose freely. They merge to form larger lymphatics, eventually form main trunks |
| What are the two major drainage routes for lymphatic fluid and where does lymph re-enter the circulatory system? | The two major drainage ducts of the lymphatic system are the Thoracic Duct and the Right Lymphatic Duct. Lymph renters the circulatory system via the subclavian veins. |
