| Biological processes are regulated by? | enzymes |
| biological processes expression is controlled by? | gene activation (DNA) |
| What is an organic compound? | compound that has carbon and is found in living things |
| What are the 4 principle groups of organic compounds? | carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins |
| What are carbohydrates? (4) | made up of C, H, O atoms = (CH2O)n
energy source and a short term energy storage
recognition molecule (glycoproteins)
structural component (part of DNA / RNA ) |
| What are Lipids? (5) | non-polar, hydrophobic molecules
simple, complex or derived forms
makes up cell membranes (phospholipids and cholesterol)
long term energy storage (fats and oils)
signalling molecule (steroids) |
| What are nucleic acids? | genetic material of all cells for the inherited features of an organism
DNA: code for protein making
RNA: helps make proteins |
| What are proteins? | made up of C, H O, N (some S)
regulatory molecules in catalysis
all enzymes are proteins
structural molecule
cellular signalling (transduction pathways) |
| What are monomers? (3) | small, recurring subunits that make complex macromolecules
Carbohydrates, nucleic acids + proteins are made of subunits= larger polymers
lipids DO NOT contain recurring monomers |
| What are the subunits of carbohydrates? | recurring monomers: monosaccharides => disaccharides => polysaccharides
form ring structures
linked with condensation reactions with water as a byproduct |
| Draw a Ribose | labels |
| draw a glucose (a or b) | labels |
| What is lipids made up of? | fatty acids and glycerol
differ in structure so they don't contain a common recurring monomer
triglycerides, phospholipids and waxes contain fatty acids chains |
| What are fatty acids? | long chains of hydrocarbons that may or may not have double bonds (unsaturated vs saturated) |
| What are proteins made up of? | amino acids which join to form polypeptide chains
each amino acid has an amine group (NH2)
carboxyl group (COOH)
R = different properties (polar / non-polar) |
| What are nucleic acids made up of? | made up of nucleotides which form polynucleotide chains
has: pentose sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
sugar differs in RNA and DNA |
| What are polymers of glucose? | glycogen (granules)
cellulose (cell wall)
starch (granules) |
| What are compound lipids? | esters of fatty acids, alcohol and additional groups
(phospholipids and glycolipids) |
| What are derived lipids? | substances from simple / compound lipids (steroids and carotenoids) |
| How do proteins join together? | amino acids join with peptide bonds between the amine and carboxyl groups of amino acids
creates a dipeptide = polypeptide chain
chain folding depends on the amino acid order |
| How do nucleic acids bond together? | nucleotides form bonds between the pentose sugar and phosphate group = long polynucleotide chains
2 complementary base pairs bond with hydrogen bonds to form double strands
twists = double helix structure |
| What is vitalism? | a belief that said organic molecules can only be made by living systems |
| Why did they believe that only living things could make organic molecules? | living things has a "vital force"
organic compounds were thought to have a non-physical element which inorganic molecules don't have |
| How did the vitalism theory get disproven? | they found that organic molecules could be artificially made
heated an inorganic salt (ammonium cyanate) = urea
urea is a waste product of nitrogen metabolism and is removed from the kidneys
artificial synthesis = organic molecules aren't fundamentally different to inorganic molecules |
| What is metabolism? | the web of all the enzyme catalysed reactions in a cell or organism |
| What do metabolic reactions do? | provide energy for cellular processes (eg: growth)
start the synthesis and assimilation of new materials for use within the cell |
| What is anabolism? | building up complex molecules from simple molecules by condensation reactions
eg: when monomers are covalently joined = water is a byproduct |
| What are monosaccharides joined with? | glycosidic linkages = disaccharides |
| How is triglycerides formed (what type of linkage)? | glycerol + fatty acids joined with ester linkage |
| How are nucleotides joined together? | phosphodiester bonds = polynucleotide chains |
| How are amino acids joined? | with peptide bonds to make polypeptide chains |
| What is catabolism? | breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules by hydrolysis reactions
needs water molecules to break bonds within the polymers
releases energy
oxidation reactions |
