| Differentiate between mobile and fixed membrane receptor mechanisms, including what hormones work with each type of mechanism. | Mobile - work with steroid hormones - lipid soluble - receptors are inside cell
Fixed - work with nonsteroid hormones - nonlipid soluble - receptors on outside of cell - has two chemicals to carry out response |
| Tropic | - hormones that target other endocrine glands & stimulate their growth/secretion |
| Sex | hormones that target reproductive tissues |
| Anabolic | hormones that stimulate anabolism in target cells |
| Define target tissue and define hormone. | Target cell - specific cell that hormones are sent to & have receptors to bind to
Hormone - substance secreted by an endocrine gland into the bloodstream that acts on specific target tissue to produce a given response |
| What system works hand in hand with the endocrine system? | The nervous system known as the neuroendocrine system |
| A hallmark sign of Graves disease would be: | exophthalmus |
| Aldosterone is a hormone secreted from which adrenal cortical zone? | Zona glomerulosa |
| Aldosterone | increases blood sodium levels |
| increases blood sodium levels | gonadocorticoids |
| Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans produce the hormone ________. | insulin |
| Characteristics of acromegaly include | prominent forehead, large nose, overgrown mandible/jaw |
| Conrol of secretions from the anterior pituitary is regulated by | releasing and inhibiting hormones |
| Cortisol | reinforces the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, is released in response to stress |
| Diabetes insipidus is a condition associated with decreased levels of , in which enormous quantities of urine may be excreted | ADH |
| Extreme _____ during childhood results in low metabolic rate and retarded mental and physical development; a condition known as cretinism | hypothyroidism |
| FSH -follicle stimulating hormone- | stimulates the primary ovarian follicle to develop, is produced by the anterior pituitary gland |
| Glucagon: | is released by pancreatic alpha cells |
| Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones results in a condition called | Addison disease |
| Parathyroid hormone: | has the opposite effect of calcitonin and causes an increase in blood concentration of calcium |
| Protein hormones have hormone receptors in the: | cell membrane |
| Steroid hormones and relatively small molecules like thyroid hormones __ | pass easily through the plasma membrane of a target cell |
| The anterior pituitary secretes | TSH |
| What is the outermost zone of the adrenal cortex , what primary hormones are secreted from each zone, and what are their functions? | Zona glomerulosa - directly under the outer connective tissue capsule of the adrenal gland- secretes mineralocorticoids - primary function is to maintain sodium homeostasis, it also increases water retention and promotes the loss of K+ and hydrogen ions |
| What is the middle zone of the adrenal cortex , what primary hormones are secreted from each zone, and what are their functions? | Zona fasciculata - secretes glucocorticoids - essential for maintaining normal BP by aiding norepinephrine and epinephrine in reaching their full effect |
| What is the inner zone of the adrenal cortex , what primary hormones are secreted from each zone, and what are their functions? | Zona reticularis - secretes small amounts of glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids - sex hormones (androgens) |
| What hormones are secreted from the adrenal medulla and what are their functions? | secretes - epinephrine and norepinephrine
they bind to receptors of sympathetic effectors to prolong and enhance effects of sympathetic stimulation by ANS |
| What hormones do the ovaries secrete, and what are the functions of these hormones? | secrete - estrogen and progesterone, estrogen- promote development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics
progesterone - maintains lining of uterus needed for pregnancy |
| What hormones do the testes secrete, and what are the functions of these hormones? | testosterone - responsible for growth and maintenance of male sexual characteristics |
| Glucagon | secreted by A cells - function - increase blood glucose levels and stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver |
| Insulin | secreted by B cells - function - to decrease blood glucose level, amino acids and fatty acids + promotes their metabolism by tissue cells |
| the structure and function of the pineal gland. | is tiny pine cone shape
its function is to support the biological clock and the secretion of melatonin |
| Which two hormones work together to regulate anabolism in body cells? | thyroid hormone and somatotropin (growth hormone) |
| parathyroid hormone | is an antagonist to calcitonin and it maintains calcium homeostasis |
| Calcitonin | is produced by thyroid gland, release when blood calcium levels are too high |
| Somatotrophs - secretes GH | promotes growth of bone, muscle, and other tissues by accelerating amino acid transport into cells |
| Corticotrophs - secretes ACTH | promotes & maintains normal growth & development of cortex of the adrenal gland |
| Thyrotrophs - secretes TSH | promotes & maintains the growth & development of the thyroid |
| Lactotrophs - secretes PRL | during pregnancy promotes development of breast, after baby is born stimulates production of milk |
| Gonadotrophs - secretes LH | in females - stimulates formation/activity of the corpus luteum of the ovary which secretes progesterone and estrogen , in male stimulates interstitial cells the testes to develop & secrete testosterone |
| FSH | in females stimulates primary follicles to grow toward maturity + stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen, in males stimulates development of the seminiferous tubules of testes and maintains spermatgeneis |
| what Secretes antidiuretic -ADH- and oxytocin -OT- which are synthesized in the hypothalamus | the posterior pituitary gland |
| Define hyposecretion | too little secretion of a substance |
| Define hypersecretion. | too much secretion of a substance |
| What are the AKA's for the posterior and | Neurohypophysis |
| What are the AKA for the anterior pituitary | Adenohypophysis |
