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level: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

Questions and Answers List

level questions: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

Question	Answer
Viewing development as shaped by unconscious forces.	Psychoanalytic perspective
A therapeutic approach aimed at giving patients insight into unconscious emotional conflicts.	Psychoanalysis
Part of the personality that governs newborns, operating on the pleasure principle	Id
The drive to seek immediate satisfaction of needs and desires	Pleasure principle
Finding realistic ways to gratify the id.	Reality principle
A force in the unconscious and coming out in the form of a slip	Freudian Slips
What is the royal road to the unconscious?	Dreams
What we see in the dream (ex. storyline, imagery)	Manifest Content
The actual meaning of the dream	Latent Content
"We are motivated to restore balance in our body"	Homeostatic Approach theory
Why are we motivated to satisfy our biological drives?	To reduce the tension or pressure
Biological drive that serves the purpose of pleasure and survival	Sex or Eros
Biological drive that serve the purpose of destruction	Aggression or Thanatos
Part of the personality that represents reason, operating on the reality principle.	Ego
Part of the personality containing the conscience, incorporating socially approved behavior into the child’s own value system.	Superego
An unvarying sequence of stages of personality development during infancy, childhood, and adolescence, in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals.	Psychosexual development
In psychoanalysis, an arrest in development that can show up in adult personality.	Fixation
Stage in psychosexual development in which feeding is the main source of sensual pleasure.	Oral stage
What is the center of pleasure in the Anal stage?	Anus
Stage in psychosexual development in which boys develop sexual attachment to their mothers and girls to their fathers, with aggressive urges toward the same-sex parent	Phallic Stage
Stage in psychosexual development in which the child is sexually calm, and becomes socialized, develops skills, and learns about self and society.	Latency stage
Stage in psychosexual development which lasts throughout adulthood, in which repressed sexual urges resurface to flow in socially approved channels.	Genital stage
Learning that requires a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response that was originally produced by different stimulus	Classical conditioning
Learning based on reinforcement or punishment.	Operant conditioning
In operant conditioning, a stimulus that encourages repetition of a desired behavior.	Reinforcement
In operant conditioning, a stimulus that discourages repetition of a behavior.	Punishment
Involves mental processes, such as attention and memory; may be learned through observation or imitation, and may not involve any people performing any observable behaviors	Cognitive Learning
Man who experimented with a BOBO Doll	Albert Bandura
Your brain is creating a template on how you should react to a particular stimulation	Schema
Reacting to a particular information based on pre-existing knowledge about it	Assimilation
Motivated to change pre-existing knowledge through the help of adults	Accomodation
The constant striving for a stable balance in the shift from assimilation to accommodation.	Equilibration
Understanding that objects or events continue to exist even if they can no longer be heard, touched, or seen.	Object Permanence
Refers to the fact that even though the shape of some object or substance is changed, the total amount remains the same.	Conservation
Refers to seeing and thinking of the world only from your own viewpoint and having difficulty appreciating someone else's viewpoint.	Egocentric thinking
Stage where conservation is resolved	Concrete Operational
Children learn to sort objects by both size and color at this stage.	Concrete Operational
Being able to manipulate the world in your mind	Abstract Thinking
Plan and control center of the brain; all rational processes develops here	Prefrontal Cortex
Reward, pleasure, emotion center; develops first ; dominant part of the brain during teenage years	Limbic System
Another word for Limbic System	Emotional brain
Self-absorption as they engage in search for identity; because of physiological and physical changes going on that is happening to them; they are practicing the fact that they are different from their parents	Egocentrism
Adolescents' feeling that their behavior is constantly being watched by their peers	Imaginary Audience
The attitude that their feelings and experiences are unique and have never before been experienced by anyone.	Personal Fable
The belief that misfortunes cannot happen to them.	Illusion of Invulnerability
Man behind Cognitive-Stage theory	Jean Piaget
Man behind Sociocultural theory	Lev Vygotsky
Focuses on the social and cultural processes that guide children's cognitive development.	Sociocultural theory
The gap between what children are already able to do and what they are not quite ready to accomplish by themselves.	Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
The temporary support that parents, teachers, or others give a child in doing a task until the child can do it alone.	Scaffolding
Also known as curiosity stage	Toddlerhood
View of development that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context.	Contextual perspective
The weak and those with maladaptive traits are removed from the gene pool, leaving only the strong species	Natural selection
Attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations	Evolutionary psychology
Darwinian process in which the animal most capable of survival (the one with the most adaptable traits) survives to pass on its genes in offspring.	Survival of the fittest
Study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of the species.	Ethology