| What are the 3 ways that a bacteria can get resistance | DNA from a exogenous source, Random mutations for evolutionary changes, re-arrangement of DNA |
| Name the 3 horizontal transmissions | Transduction, Conjugation and Transformation |
| What is the meaning of cross-resistance, co-resistance and co-selection | Cross-resistance - a single resistance mechanism that cancels out a whole antibiotic class
Co-resistance - presence of resistance of multiple antibiotic classes in one bacterial strain
Co-selection - a selection of multiple antibiotic resistant genes when one gene of these genes are selected |
| What are the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance | Modifying the drug target
Inactivating the drug
Efflux pumps - which detoxifys the bacteria by pumping out the chemicals which are toxic
Spontaneous mutations
Enzymes that can breakdown the drug |
| TB is caused by what bacterium | Mycobacterium tubercolosis, gram +ive and rod shaped |
| presence of what allows the bacterium to survive intracelluarly and resistance to gram staining | Mycolic acid |
| What are treatments of TB | Antibiotic program for 9 months
BCG vaccine |
| Definition of Microbial Adaptation | The ability of microbes to endure the selective pressures of their envionment |
| What is conjugation | It is done by bacteria to bacteria contact done by the pilus which forms a tube for contact
Then a factor opens up the plasmid and is cut at the origin of replication which enters the other cell and then both cells start making the plasmid using a complementary strand so that both bacteria have full plasmid |
| What is transduction | Uses a bacteriophage to transfer genetic information since they can integrate DNA into the host's genome leading to resistance |
| What is transformation | When a bacteria dies, it releases its free DNA which other bacteria have mechanisms to pick up these genetic information leading to resistance |
