| Opsonisation meaning | process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis. |
| PRR is short for what | Pattern recognition receptors |
| PAMP and DAMP short for what? | Pathogen associated molecular patterns
Damage associated molecular patterns |
| What are Oligomerises | Converts monomers into complex through fine polymerisation |
| Why are second signals required | To ensure lymphocytes do not differenitate for non-infectious substances |
| In the comploment system, what are the 3 types of initiation | Classical, Alternate and Mannan-binding Lectin |
| What are the 2 types of bacteria and what are the differences? | Gram positive - Bacteria cell wall made out of peptidoglycan
Gram negaitve - Bacteria cell wall made out of peptidoglycan but also has a an outer membrane of lipopolysacchiride which is not found in the +ive bacteria. |
| How can you differentiate between gram positive and gram negative | Gram stain
+ive - stain purple
-ive - stain red/pink since the stain cannot keep the colour due to the thin layer of peptidoglycan being under the LPS. |
| What is Zoonosis | Pathogens found in animals that maybe transferred to humans coming in direct/indirect contact |
| What is the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins | Exotoxins --> These are released by bacterial cells and act at tissue sites
Endotoxins --> Lipopolysaccharides present on part of the outer layer of gram negative cell walls |
| Mechanism of Botulism | Caused by Clostridium Botulinum --> commonly found in the soil and in numerous animal intestines
When it or its toxins are ingested with food, it is absorbed into the bloodstream until they reach the Peripheral Nervous System. Where it then inhibits the release of Acetylcholine neurotransmitters leading to flaacid paralysis , muscle weakening and respiratory arrest |
| Mechanism of infection of Cholera toxin | Has 2 subunits A / B
1. One of the B subunits bind to the glycoprotein receptor resulting in cleavage of the A subunits
2. The A part enters the cell cytoplasm and activates adenylate cyclase
3. Adenyl cycalse converts ATP into cAMP
4. The cAMP stimulates secretion of electrolytes from the cell into the lumen
5. Water typically flows towards the highest conc. of electrolytes so water leaves resulting in diarrhoea |
| Mechanism of infection for tetanus | Tetanus usually occurs when a wound becomes contaminated with Clostridium Tetani , this produces a powerful toxin called tetanospasmin
The toxin binds to motor nerves that control muscles and inhibits the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters leading to muscle spasms and continuous contractions |
