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level: Level 2

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 2

Question	Answer
How many months will it take for an infant to gain Head Control?	3-4 months
States that development proceeds in head to tail direction; the upper parts of the body will develop first then the lower part of the body.	Cephalocaudal principle
"Development proceeds within to down; the core (head, spine) will develop first before the extremities"	Proximodistal principle
Type of reflex that favors survival needs so that if there is a threat nearby we could immediately respond to it and act quickly giving us a greater chance for survival.	Primitive Reflex
The need to stay in a position that requires balance.	Postural Reflex
Voluntary movements that only appear after the earlier reflexes dissipate, which include: Walking, crawling, swimming	Locomotor Reflex
First sense to develop; most mature sensory system in the first several months.	Touch and Pain
Developed taste aversion from bitter substances; also for adaptive purposes	Smell and Taste
Fetuses respond to sounds and seem to learn to recognize them.	Hearing
Least developed sense at birth.	Sight
When will vision be fully developed?	3 months
An increasingly complex combination of skills that permit a wider of more precise range of movement and more control of the environment	Systems of Action
Are physical skills that would involve the big muscles such as climbing, running, walking, jumping	Gross motor skills
Physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination, such as cutting, pasting, grasping, buttoning, tying.	Fine motor skills
Between 6 and 10 months, most babies begin to get around under their own power by means of creeping or crawling	Self-locomotion
They learn to look to caregivers for clues to whether a situation is secure or frightening.	Social Referencing
Infant 6-12 months already gained _____	Depth Perception
Is a screening test given to children 1 month - 6 years to determine if they are developing normally in terms of movement or motor skills	Denver Developmental Screening Test
The use of the eyes to guide the movement of the hands (or other parts of the body).	Visual Guidance
The ability to perceive objects and surfaces in three dimensions	Depth Perception
The ability to acquire information about the properties of objects, such as size, weight, texture, height by handling them	Haptic Perception
Which describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying context	Ecological Theory of Perception
Motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the environment.	Dynamic Systems Theory
Contractions of the uterus during childbirth.	Labor
Usually the longest stage, may last 12 hours or more, in which regular and increasingly frequent uterine contractions widen the cervix.	Stage 1 of Childbirth
Lasting up to one hour, this stage begins when the baby’s head moves through the cervix and into the vaginal canal and ends when the baby emerges completely from the mother’s body.	Stage 2 of Childbirth
Lasting only about 5 to 30 minutes, this stage is the expulsion of the placenta and remaining tissues from the uterus.	Stage 3 of Childbirth
Mechanical monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery.	Electronic Fetal Monitoring
Delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus.	Cesarean delivery
Method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery.	Natural birth
Method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical response to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain.	Prepared Childbirth
Local (vaginal) anesthesia during childbirth.	Pedunal block
Painkillers, they reduce the perception of pain by depressing the activity of the central nervous system.	Analgesic
Regional anesthesia injected into a space in the spinal cord, blocking nerve pathways that would carry the sensation of pain to the brain.	Epidural or spinal injections
Factors such as atypical age of the mother, poverty, unmarried status, or low educational level of the mother.	Demographic and socioeconomic factors
Factors such as a mother having either no children or more than four, being thin or short, having had previous low-birth-weight babies or miscarriages, having been a low-birth-weight baby herself, or having genital or urinary abnormalities or chronic hypertension	Medical factors predating the pregnancy
Factors such as poor nutrition, poor prenatal care, smoking, use of alcohol or other drugs, or exposure to stress, high altitude, or toxic substances.	Prenatal behavioral and environmental factors
Factors such as vaginal bleeding, infections, high or low blood pressure, anemia, too little weight gain, and having given birth either less than six months before or more than 10 years before.	Medical conditions associated with the pregnancy
Babies weighing between 501 and,1000 grams, or about 1 to 2 pounds, and those born before 26 weeks of gestation.	Extremely low-birth-weight babies