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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
What are the four elements of addiction?	1. Excessive use or abuse of a substance 2. Display of psychological disturbance 3. Decline of social and economic function 4. Uncontrollable consumption of the substance (indicating dependence)
What percentage of people who start drinking at the age of 14 or younger develop alcoholism?	44%
Aging causes changes in ________, _________, _________, and ________ of drugs.	Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion
What is the indicator of substance abuse becoming a disease and a problem?	The loss of control
Some authorities believe that alcoholism can be caused by a dysfunction of which system?	Endocrine
Alcoholism is sometimes thought to be caused by a biological reason, such as an inner urge controlled by that _______ system.	Nervous
Sons of alcoholic men are ___ times more likely to develop alcoholism	Four
What are the average ages that both boys and girls have their first alcoholic drink?	Girls: 13 Boys: 11
What is the leading health problem in the African American community?	Drinking
Alcohol is considered what type of drug?	Gateway drug
What are the first areas of the brain affected by alcohol?	Higher centers of the brain, including frontal cortex
What does the frontal cortex govern?	Self-control
What are the active ingredients in alcohol?	Ethyl, alcohol, or ethanol
Alcohol does not require ______.	Digestion
What percentage of alcohol is metabolized by the liver?	90%
The urine of a heavy drinker contains increased amounts of:	Electrolytes (especially potassium) Magnesium Zinc
Prolonged use of alcohol results in decreased absorption of which vitamins?	B1 B9 B12
What is the legal limit for alcohol while driving a vehicle?	0.08%
When do tremors from alcohol cessation occur after the last drink?	6 to 48 hours
What kind of seizures occur 12-24 hours after alcohol cessation?	Tonic-clonic (grand mal)
When do delirium tremens most often occur?	1-4 days after cessation of alcohol
Risk of death from delirium tremens is as high as __%	15%
Wernicke encephalopathy occurs in association with ______ deficiency	Thiamine (B1)
What part of the brain is damaged in a patient with Wernicke encephalopathy?	Temporal lobes
An acne-like rash is possibly related to use of which drugs?	MDMA, ecstasy
Administration of which drug is sometimes a way to encourage abstinence from alcohol?	Disulfiram (Antabuse)
What is the acute phase of recovery?	Detoxification
High doses of chlordiazepoxide (Librium) have the potential to cause ________ ______.	Urinary retention
More than ___ people die every day because of a prescription drug overdose .	46
Many commonly abused drugs act on the ______ system of the brain.	Limbic
What makes opioids highly addictive?	They replace natural endorphins in the CNS
What are the 3 types of opioid abusers?	1. Street abusers 2. Abusers of prescription drugs (medical sources) 3. Methadone abusers
Alcohol ingestion affects which tissues in the body?	ALL tissues
Alcoholics Anonymous is an international nonprofit organization that began in _______.	1935
Which sedative hypnotic medications are commonly abused?	Barbiturates Benzodiazepines
List the symptoms of acute opioid overdose:	Severe respiratory distress Pinpoint pupils Stupor/coma
What is sometimes prescribed to reduce withdrawal symptoms of opioid dependence?	Clonidine (Catapres)
When do withdrawal symptoms begin after the last dose of morphine and heroin?	6 hours
LSD does not produce compulsive drug-seeking behavior and experts consider it __________.	Non-addictive
In high doses, MDMA can trigger ____________.	Malignant hyperthermia
Malignant hyperthermia can lead to ______ and ______ failure.	Kidney and heart
Why does THC accumulate in the body?	Because of its fat solubility
How many deaths occur each year related to alcohol consumption?	88,000
Alcohol is metabolized into ______ rapidly	Ethanol
Over time, amphetamine use causes ________ depletion.	Dopamine
Dopamine depletion by amphetamine use can cause what kind of symptoms?	Parkinson-like symptoms
Manifestations of overdose of amphetamines are often __________.	Permanent
Korsakoff syndrome is a permanent condition caused by long-term ________ abuse.	Alcohol
What are the signs and symptoms of Korsakoff syndrome?	Muttering Short-term memory loss Painful extremities Foot drop