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level: Level 2

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 2

Question	Answer
Belief that one’s actions will bring about a particular result, either favorable or unfavorable.	Self-efficacy
Family and community resources on which a child can draw.	Social capital
Significantly subnormal cognitive functioning.	Intellectual Disability
Developmental disorder in which reading achievement is substantially lower than predicted by IQ or age.	Dyslexia
Disorders that interfere with specific aspects of learning and school achievement.	Learning disabilities (LDs)
Syndrome characterized by persistent inattention and distractibility, impulsivity, low tolerance for frustration, and inappropriate overactivity.	Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Ability to see situations in a new way, to produce innovations, or to discern previously unidentified problems and find novel solutions.	Creativity
Thinking aimed at finding the “one” right answer to a problem.	Convergent thinking
Thinking that produces a variety of fresh, diverse possibilities.	Divergent thinking
Approach to educating the gifted that broadens and deepens knowledge and skills through extra activities, projects, field trips, or mentoring.	Enrichment programs
Approach to educating the gifted that moves them through the curriculum at an unusually rapid pace.	Acceleration programs
In Sternberg’s theory, the ability to process information efficiently, as in problem-solving.	Analytic
Sternberg’s term for the insightful aspect of intelligence.	Experiential element
In Sternberg’s theory, the ability to think originally and creatively.	Insightful
Sternberg’s term for the practical aspect of intelligence.	Contextual element
In Sternberg’s theory, the ability to size up a situation and decide what to do: adapt to it, change it, or get out of it.	Practical
Sternberg's term for information that is not formally taught or openly expressed, but is necessary to get ahead.	Tacit knowledge
Test that seeks to measure each of the three components of intelligence through multiple-choice and essay questions in three domains: verbal, quantitative, and figural (or spatial).	The Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT)
Nontraditional individual intelligence test designed to provide fair assessments of minority children and children with disabilities.	Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC)
Testing of intelligence based on Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development and the zone of proximal development.	Dynamic tests
Figures of speech in which a word or phrase that usually designates one thing is compared or applied to another.	Simile and metaphor
How words are organized into phrases and sentences.	Syntax
Set of linguistic rules that govern the use of language for communication.	Pragmatics
Approach to teaching English as a second language in which instruction is presented only in English.	English immersion
System of teaching non-English-speaking children in their native language while they learn English, and later switching to all-English instruction.	Bilingual education
Fluent in two languages.	Bilingual
Approach to second-language education in which English speakers and non-English speakers learn together in their own and each other’s languages.	Two-way (dual-language) learning
Process by which a child sounds out a word, translating it from print to speech before retrieving it from long-term memory.	Decoding
Process by which a child simply looks at a word and then retrieves it.	Visually based retrieval
Approach to teaching reading that emphasizes decoding of unfamiliar words.	Phonetic, or code-emphasis approach
Approach to teaching reading that emphasizes visual retrieval and use of contextual cues.	Whole-language approach
Awareness of one's own thinking processes.	Metacognition