| Name two ways in which the church had an impact on people’s everyday lives | Two ways the church had an impact on people’s everyday lives include:
1. People learned everything from the church as there wasn’t any formal education
2. People would regularly pray to treat disease as it was believed this would remove sin showing your faith to God so he would remove your illness |
| What was the theory of the four humours? | The theory of the four humours is a theory in which the body is made up of four components: blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile and these humours being unbalanced caused illness |
| Who first came up with the idea of the four humours? | Hippocrates a Greek physician first came up with the idea of the four humours |
| Explain two beliefs about the cause of disease in the medieval period (besides the four humours) | Two beliefs about the cause of disease in the Medieval period (13th-15th century) include:
1. Disease was a punishment sent from God for people’s sins
2. Harmful fumes in the air coming from corpses swamps and rotting matter known as miasma caused disease when inhaled |
| Give 3 reason why the Classical idea of Galen and Hippocrates were so popular | Three reasons why Hippocrates and Galen were so popular include:
1. Because of the importance of book learning, many people couldn’t read so a physician who was well read on Galen and Hippocrates showed their skill level
2. Because of the influence of the church, Galen believed in the body having a soul which aligned with the churches beliefs so they promoted his ideas and the church controlled all education while they only had texts on Galen’s work
3. Because of the lack of alternative, there wasn’t any scientific evidence to support any other theories and dissection was illegal unless it was on a criminal as the body had to be whole to go to heaven |
| In the eyes of medieval people what made a good physician? | In the eyes of medieval people a good physician was someone who was well read on Galen/Hippocrates as most people couldn’t read so this was very impressive |
| Name 2 treatments that are based on the idea of the four humours | Two treatments that are based on the idea of the four humours include:
1. The theory of opposites - which is where, for example a hot humour such as blood is treated with something that’s the opposite such as a cruncher which is cold, so the humour isn’t in excess
2. Another treatment that relates to the four humours is purging - where patients were give laxatives or emetics to make the empty their bowels or vomit |
| Give two examples in which people tried to prevent disease in the Middle Ages c.1250-c.1500 | Two examples in which proper tried to prevent disease in the Middle Ages c.1250-c.1500 includes:
1. Purifying the air by carrying a bunch of sweet herbs such as lavender to wear off miasma
2. People confessed as they tried to I’ve a sin free life so they couldn’t revive disease from God |
| What were herbal remedies? | Herbal remedies were spice based mixtures that were drunk, sniffer and bathed in as a method treatment in the Middle Ages
Theriaca was a common remedies used for different diseases |
| What was believed to be the main cause of the Black Death?
And what was the actual cause? | The main cause of the Black Death was believed to be Hod deserting mankind
But the actual cause of the Black Death was fleas who transmitted an infection disease from being on rodents who were in trading ships |
| Give 3 examples of ways in which people tried to avoid catching the Black Death c.1250-c.1500 | Three prevention methods people conducted against the Black Death in c.1250-1500 include:
1. Doing joyful things that was recommended by physicians
2. Self flagellation to show God your forgiveness
3. Running away to escape the miasma which spread the Black Death faster |
| Name 2 beliefs about the cause of disease that were the same in the medieval and renaissance periods | Two beliefs that were the same in the medieval and renaissance period include:
The belief that miasma could cause disease
The belief that God was responsible for the epidemics they experienced - the Black Death in 1348 and the Great Plague in 1665 |
| How did Thomas Sydenham’s approach to medicine differ from most other physicians? | Thomas Sydenham's approach to medicine differed to most other physicians as he refused to rely on medical books and instead he believed physicians should closely observe and record their patients symptoms |
| Explain 2 reasons to why medical knowledge could be spread more easily | Two reasons to why medical knowledge could be spread more easily include:
1. The use of the printing press although it was created in 1440 it was used until the renaissance period
2. The royal society who were a group of scientist from across Europe who together to share experiments and scientific ideas and they published a journal ‘Philosophical transactions’ featuring their work and it was assessable to everyone (as it was in Latin) |
| Name 2 treatments that were the same in the medieval and renaissance period | Two treatments that were the same in the medieval and renaissance period include:
1. Humoural treatments like purging and bloodletting which didn’t work but were still carried out
2. Herbal remedies were still used (but they were chosen for their colour and shape e.g. jaundice made skin yellow so it was treated with yellow herbs) |
| Name 2 treatments that were new/different in the renaissance period c.1500-c.1700/16th-18th century | Two treatments that were new in the renaissance period include :
1. Transference - the belief that disease could be transmitted from someone to something else, e.g. strapping chickens to bubeos
2. Chemical cures - early form of chemistry, which involved new remedies such as mercury and antimony used to purge the body because they cause sweating and vomiting |
| Give two examples in how Vesalius proved Galen’s work wrong | Two examples in how Vesalius proved Galen’s work wrong:
1. The human jawbone was made in one part not two
3. Men didn’t have a fewer pair or ribs than woman |
| What did William Harvey discover? | William Harvey discovered the circulation of blood in 1628 |
| Explain why the power of the church declined | The power of the church declined because Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church and closed the monasteries |
| How did the governments role in medicine change? | The governments role in medicine changed as they took a bigger role in the public health by enforcing quarantine laws, banning large crowd and cleaning streets during the great plague of 1665
Whereas in the Black Death of 1348 the government only brought in quarantine laws which weren’t even followed as local authorities had little power so rich people and the church carried on as normal |
| How did people try or treat the great plague in the renaissance period 16th - 18th century? | People tried to treat the great plague by:
Sweating the disease out as they wrapped themselves in woollen clothes and sag by a fire
People in the renaissance period also used herbal remedies to treat the plague |
| What are three prevention methods of the great plague in the renaissance period 1500-1700 | Tree prevention methods of the plague include:
1. Having a diet heavy in a specific food such as garlic
2. Chewing and smoking tobacco
3. People were advised to pray and repent their sins |
| What public health problems did the industrial revolution 1700-1900 create? | Public health problems the industrial revolution caused include:
Cities becoming overcrowding and disease ridden as the population more than doubled |
| What was spontaneous generation? and why was it wrong? | Spontaneous generation was a theory developed in 1700s that said microbes were created by decaying matter
Spontaneous generation was wrong because microbes are the cause of decay |
| What theory did Louis Pasteur put forward in 1861? | Louis Pasteur put forward the germ theory in 1861 that claimed something in the air must cause decay and as it causes decay it must also cause disease |
| Why did Pasteur's theory initially have little impact? | Pasteur’s theory initially had little impact because he wasn’t a doctor and spontaneous generation was promoted by influential doctors and because his throat dint have any practical use as he could identify what microbes cause what diseases |
| How did Robert Koch build on Pasteur’s work? | Robert Koch built on Pasteur’s work as he identified the different microbes that caused disease, for example he identified the bacteria that caused cholera in 1883 and anthrax 1876 |
| Which old idea about the cause of disease was still widely believed until the late 19th century? | The old idea about the cause of disease that was believed until the late 19th century was:
Miasma which supposedly occurring in 1858 in London when the soil released absorbed mismatch during the warm weather of summer releasing the great stink |
| What did Florence Nightingale do to improve hospitals in the 1800s? | In 1854 Florence nightingale set up at team of 38 nurses and they treated British soldiers in the Crimean War she improved hospitals by thoroughly cleaning them and providing clean clothes and bedding |
| What were the three main problems faced during surgery and how were they tackled? Which one had not been solved by 1900? | The three main problems faced during surgery were: infection, pain and bleeding. Infection was dealt with aseptic surgery and antiseptics, while pain was treated with anaesthetics and bleeding wasn’t dealt with until the 1900s |
| How did James Simpson discover the anaesthetic chloroform? | James Simpson discovered the anaesthetic chloroform when he was experimenting with different chemicals and found that chloroform vapour was an effective anaesthetic |
| What were some of the health problems related to using chloroform? | Health problems related to chloroform include:
That an overdose could kill the patients and sometimes it affected the heart chasing perfectly healthy people to die |
| What were patent medicines? | Patent medicines which were made produced by big businesses were a form of remedy that claimed to be the cure to anything but they were made of wax and soap and had no medical benefits and were during by many in the working class |
| Name an advantage and disadvantage about Edward Jenners smallpox vaccination | One advantage about Edward Jenners smallpox vaccination includes that it influenced many other vaccination being created such as the vaccination for tetanus and diphtheria created in 1890 by Emil Von Behring who was inspired by Louis Pasteur’s vaccinations
A disadvantage about Edward Jenners smallpox vaccination includes that innoculators and doctors had their business destroyed and they lost money |
| Whose 1842 report encouraged more action on public health? | Edwin Chadwick 1842 Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Classes shower poor people had a lower life expectancy which encouraged the government to take action and create a public health act in 1848 then 1875 |
| Name three things set out in the 1875 public health act | Three things set out in the 1875 public health act include the government made it compulsory for city authorities to
- provide clean water
- build public toilets
- enforce better building standards to prevent overcrowding |
| What did John snow discover in 1854? | In 1854 John Snow discovered that drinking dirty water from the broad street water pump that was infected by a close by cesspit was the cause of cholera |
| Why did many people reject Snows findings? | Many people rejected Snows findings because he had no scientific proof of his dirty water theory |
| Name four things that inflected medical progress in this period | Four things that influenced medical progress in this period include:
1. The creation of the smallpox vaccination which lead to the creation of five more major vaccinations in the next century
2. The public health acts had influenced in the medical progress of the industrial revolution as they made real action on the public’s health take place
3. Florence Nightingale as she changed the way hospitals were built with the pavilion plan and took action to the infamous terrible war hospital conditions (causing death rate do drop form 40% to 2%)
4. The importance of cleanliness in surgery being understood by 1900 as it meant many liver would be saved |
| What are the three examples of aseptic surgery in the 1900s ? | Three examples of aseptic surgery in the 1900s includes
- surgical instruments being steam sterilised
- operating theatres being cleaned
- gloves gowns and masks being worn by surgeons |
| When was the NHS founded? | The NHS was founded in 1948 |
| Give two factors which inflicted the creation of the NHS | Two factors that influenced the creation of the NHS include
Many house evacuees in the war were shocked by how unhealthy some city children were
And it was influenced from a report by William Beverage in 1942 that identified “5 Evils which needed to be eradicated from society” |
| Name 2 ways the government now acts to prevent disease | Two ways in which the government acted to prevent disease is through
Government lifestyle campaigns that warm against health risks like smoking and encourage healthy eating
And government legislation which includes laws passed to improve the public’s health like dietary information must be displayed on food packages |
| Why did the cases of lung cancer significantly rise during the 20th century ? | Lung cancer cases significantly rose during the 20th century as smoking was more popular and considered fashionable in the 1920’s |
| Explain four factors which have influenced medical progress since 1900 | Four factors that include medical progress in the 20th century
include new diagnosis technologies being discovered
the creation of the NHS that offered free medical care to everyone
Karl Landsteiner's discovery of blood transfusions which allowed for soldiers to be treated during the First World War
advances in science like mass production and capsules tabled that have made drugs more easily available |
| What did James Watson and Francis Crick identity in 1953? | Watson and Crick identified DNA and its double helix shale in 1953 with their work being based in close up X-ray images from Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins |
| How has an understanding of genetics helped the treatment do certain diseases? | The understanding of genetics thanks to German scientist Mendel who discovered the laws of inheritance and Watson and Crick helped the treatment of hereditary diseases as genetics could be observed to find defaults |
| Name 3 lifestyle factors which are now accepted to have a negative impact on health | Three lifestyle factors that are accepted to have a negative impact on health include
Smoking which causes cancer, heart disease and tooth decay
Tanning which causes skin cancer
And alcohol which causes heart disease |
| Name one method of diagnosis that has been developed since 1900 | One method of diagnosis that has been developed since 1900 includes CT scans that use a more advanced form of X-ray used to diagnosis tumours and growths |
| What was a ‘magic bullet’? | A magic bullet was a chemical cure used to attack disease-causing microbes |
| How many attempts did it take Paul Ehrlich to develop the first magic bullet? | It took Paul Ehrlich 606 attempts to develop the first magic bullet in 1909 which is why it’s original name was Salvarsan 606 |
| What did Alexander Fleming discover by coincidence in 1928? | In 1928 Alexander Fleming coincidently discovered Penicillin as a penicillin spore came through his laboratory window and landed onto a petit fish growing bacteria when he found that the penicillin killed the harmful bacteria |
| How did Florey and Chain expand on Fleming’s earlier work? | Florey and Chain expanded on Fleming work as he didn’t think penicillin would be powerful enough to treat people but Florey and Chain successfully treated local policemen with it although they couldn’t mass produce it |
| What led to the first mass production of antibiotics in the 1940’s? | In the 1940’s American firms saw the potential in Penicillin which lead to the first mass production of antibiotics alongside the help of government funding |
| Why was Karl Landsteiner’s discovery of blood groups important for surgery? | Karl Landsteiner’s discovery in 1901-2 of the four blood groups was important for surgery as it meant the risk of blood rejection from incompatible donor and recipient blood types was eliminated |
| Give 2 ways in which surgery was improved during the 20th surgery | Two ways in which surgery was improved during the 20th century include
The human genome project which allowed for scientists to observe a blueprint to identify defaults in the genetics of people with hereditary diseases which was something completely new
And the discovery of just over half a dozen common diagnosis technologies being developed in the 20th century |
